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      Anatomorphological variations of the temporomandibular joint after orthognathic surgery: a descriptive study Translated title: Variaciones anatomorfológicas de la articulación temporomandibular posterior a cirugía ortognática: un estudio descriptivo

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction: Condylar resorption of the temporomandibular joint after orthognathic surgery is a clinical entity with functional and aesthetic consequences for the patient. The determination of the risk of condylar resorption in the presurgical stage remains unclear. This article, descriptive in its nature, sought to determine anatomorphological variations of the temporomandibular joint in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery. Material and methods: Cone Beam CT scans were analysed in two operative stages, one month before surgery (T0) and three months after (T1). Joint spaces, cortical widths and sites with total resorption were analysed on 58 joints. Results: A statistically significant mean decrease in cortical thickness (p < 0.05) was observed for the different sites in the coronal and sagittal planes. All joint spaces showed reduced thickness in the sagittal plane, statistically significant for the superior and posterior spaces. Conclusions: Sites with a lower cortical width on T0 seemed more susceptible to resorption. The presurgical evaluation of the temporomandibular joint plays a fundamental role in preventing condylar resorption in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción: La reabsorción condilar posterior a la cirugía ortognática es una entidad clínica que afecta a la articulación temporomandibular, con consecuencias funcionales y estéticas para el paciente. En la actualidad, la determinación del riesgo de la reabsorción condilar en la etapa prequirúrgica sigue sin estar clara. Este artículo, de carácter descriptivo, buscó determinar las variaciones anatomorfológicas de la articulación temporomandibular en pacientes sometidos a cirugía ortognática. Materiales y métodos: Se tomaron y analizaron tomografías computarizadas de haz cónico en dos etapas operativas, un mes antes de la cirugía (T0) y tres meses después (T1). Se analizaron los espacios articulares, anchos corticales y sitios con reabsorción total en un total de 58 articulaciones. Resultados: Se observó una disminución media estadísticamente significativa en el grosor cortical (p < 0,05) para los diferentes sitios en los planos coronal y sagital. Todos los espacios articulares mostraron espesor reducido en el plano sagital, estadísticamente significativo para los espacios superior y posterior. Discusión: Los sitios con un ancho cortical más bajo en T0 parecían ser más susceptibles a la reabsorción. La evaluación prequirúrgica de la articulación temporomandibular juega un papel fundamental en la prevención de la reabsorción condilar en pacientes que van a ser sometidos a cirugía ortognática.

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          Most cited references15

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          Assessment of optimal condylar position with limited cone-beam computed tomography.

          There are no quantitative standards for the optimal position of the mandibular condyle in the glenoid fossa. Recently developed limited cone-beam computed tomography (LCBCT) allows measurement of this position with high accuracy. LCBCT was used to assess 24 joints in 22 symptom-free subjects (10 male, 12 female; mean age, 18 years) who had no disc displacement as verified by magnetic resonance imaging. Their joints had optimum function with the starting and end points of all functional jaw movements coincident with maximum intercuspation. Linear measurements of anterior space (AS), superior space (SS), and posterior space (PS) were made to determine the position of the condyle for each joint. The mean AS, SS, and PS values were 1.3 mm (SD +/- 0.2 mm), 2.5 mm (SD +/- 0.5 mm), and 2.1 mm (SD +/- 0.3 mm), respectively. The ratio of AS to SS to PS was 1.0 to 1.9 to 1.6. No significant sex difference was noted in joint space distances. The results showed less variability of condylar position in the fossa than previously reported in normal subjects. These data from optimal joints might serve as norms for the clinical assessment of condylar position obtained by LCBCT.
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            Association between mandibular condylar position and clinical dysfunction index.

            Condylar position in the glenoid fossa has been associated with temporomandibular disorders. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the correlation between clinical dysfunction index (Di) and mandibular condylar position in patients with temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD) using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).
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              The Biomechanical Effect of the Sagittal Split Ramus Osteotomy on the Temporomandibular Joint: Current Perspectives on the Remodeling Spectrum

              The sagittal split ramus osteotomy is a key approach for treating dentofacial deformities. Although it delivers excellent results, the sagittal split ramus osteotomy is believed to induce stress to the temporomandibular joint. Potential stress inducers could be classified as intra- and postoperative factors resulting in an inflammatory response and molecular cascades, which initiate physiological remodeling. Occasionally, this process exceeds its capacity and causes pathological remodeling, through either degenerative joint disease or condylar resorption. Hard evidence on how orthognathic surgery causes inflammation and how this inflammation is linked to the spectrum of remodeling remains scarce. Current concepts on this matter are mainly based on clinical observations and molecular mechanisms are extrapolated from fundamental research in other body parts or joints. This perspective study provides an overview of current knowledge on molecular pathways and biomechanical effects in temporomandibular joint remodeling. It provides research directions that could lead to acquiring fundamental evidence of the relation of orthognathic surgery and inflammation and its role in remodeling. Performing osteotomies in animal models and identifying inflammatory mediators as well as their effect on the joint seem promising. Patients affected by pathological remodeling can also provide samples for histological as well as molecular analysis. Individual susceptibility analysis by linking certain suspect phenotypes to genetic variation could identify the cause and molecular pathway responsible for degenerative joint disease and condylar resorption, ultimately leading to clinically applicable treatment and prevention strategies.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                maxi
                Revista Española de Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial
                Rev Esp Cirug Oral y Maxilofac
                Sociedad Española de Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial y de Cabeza y Cuello (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1130-0558
                2173-9161
                December 2022
                : 44
                : 4
                : 141-146
                Affiliations
                [1] Las Condes Santiago orgnameUniversidad de los Andes Chile
                Article
                S1130-05582022000400003 S1130-0558(22)04400400003
                10.20986/recom.2023.1387/2022
                8c52a4b8-eea6-4db8-9cde-fd07576e7161

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 07 February 2023
                : 18 August 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 15, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Originals

                grosor cortical,espacio articular,reabsorción ósea,articulación temporomandibular,Cirugía ortognática,Orthognathic surgery,temporomandibular joint,bone resorption,joint space,cortical width

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