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      A comparative assessment of caries risk using cariogram among smokers and smokeless tobacco users in india — a cross-sectional study

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          Abstract

          Background

          A dearth of literature exists concerning utilization of the unique cariogram model for caries risk assessment in tobacco users.

          Objective

          To assess & compare caries risk among smokers & smokeless tobacco users using Cariogram model.

          Methods

          A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted among smokers and smokeless tobacco users of Udaipur for 3 months. Caries risk assessment was done by employing a survey proforma based on the Cariogram model. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, Chi-square test followed by Marascuilo procedure and Stepwise multiple linear regression with 95% confidence interval and 5% significance level.

          Results

          Majority of the smokers (56%) portrayed high caries risk (less chance to avoid new caries) followed by smokeless Tobacco users (34%). Only 40% smokeless tobacco users had relatively high chances (>60%) of avoiding future new caries. The susceptibility sector of the cariogram model contributed primarily to caries risk in the study population.

          Conclusion

          The study findings from the different cariogram elements converged to indicate that smokers were at maximum caries risk, followed by smokeless tobacco users and therefore Cariogram model could be a useful tool to represent caries risk among smokers and smokeless tobacco users.

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          Most cited references26

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          Tobacco use and oral disease.

          D. Winn (2001)
          Tobacco use is a risk factor for oral cancer, oral mucosal lesions, periodontal disease and impaired healing after periodontal treatment, gingival recession, and coronal and root caries. Available evidence suggests that the risks of oral diseases increase with greater use of tobacco and that quitting smoking can result in decreased risk. The magnitude of the effect of tobacco on the occurrence of oral diseases is high, with users having many times the risk of non-users. There is a clear benefit to quitting tobacco use. The risks of oral cancer and periodontal disease decline as time from cessation increases, and some oral mucosal lesions may resolve with cessation of smokeless tobacco use. Smoking accounts for half of periodontal disease and three-fourths of oral cancers in the United States. Because tobacco accounts for such a high proportion of these diseases, comprehensive tobacco control policies are required to make progress in reducing the burden of tobacco-related oral diseases. Effective treatments to prevent tobacco use and increase cessation are available and need greater implementation. Dental practices may provide a uniquely effective setting for tobacco prevention and cessation.
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            Eating habits, smoking and toothbrushing in relation to dental caries: a 3-year study in Swedish female teenagers.

            The aims of the present study were to describe eating, toothbrushing and smoking habits in a cohort of Swedish female adolescents, and to relate the findings to dental caries increment. The research took the form of a longitudinal study. The study sample consisted of a cohort of 162 girls under regular dental care, aged 12 years at baseline, who were followed for 3 years, from the sixth to the ninth grade. Eating, oral cleaning and smoking habits were self-reported three times per year through a questionnaire, and caries data at baseline and after 3 years were collected from dental records. The results showed significantly (P 95% of subjects reported that they brushed their teeth at least once a day, approximately 20% did not do it every evening, and this figure remained stable over the study period. However, snacks, soft drinks and sweets, and toothbrushing habits had no significant influence on caries development. Dietary advice for caries prevention in adolescent girls should focus on the importance of retaining regular main meals, and especially, not skipping breakfast.
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              Long-term effect of tobacco on unstimulated salivary pH

              Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the effects of tobacco on salivary pH between tobacco chewers, smokers and controls. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 subjects (males and females) aged 25–40 years, were divided equally into three groups: Tobacco smokers (Group A), chewers (Group B) and controls (Group C). Saliva of each subject was collected under resting condition. Salivary pH was determined using the specific salivary pH meter. Results: The mean (±standard deviation) pH for Group A was 6.75 (±0.11), Group B was 6.5 (±0.29) and Group C was 7.00 (±0.28) after comparison. The significant results showed lower salivary pH in Groups A and B as compared to controls. Salivary pH was lowest in Group B compared to Group A and Group C. Conclusion: This study indicates that a lower (acidic) salivary pH was observed in tobacco users as compared with control. These alterations in pH due to the long-term effect of tobacco use can render oral mucosa vulnerable to various oral and dental diseases.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Afr Health Sci
                Afr Health Sci
                African Health Sciences
                Makerere Medical School (Kampala, Uganda )
                1680-6905
                1729-0503
                December 2018
                : 18
                : 4
                : 1046-1056
                Affiliations
                Dept. of Public Health Dentistry, Pacific Dental College and Hospital, Debari, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
                Author notes

                Emails:

                Nandini Sen, Phone: +91-9521664698. sen_ty31@ 123456yahoo.co.in ; Kailash Asawa, kailashasawaudr@ 123456yahoo.com ; Nagesh Bhat, communitydentist@ 123456gmail.com ; Mridula Tak, mtak1084@ 123456gmail.com ; Pratibha Sultane, 090pratibha@ 123456gmail.com ; Tulip Chakravarty, dr.tulip09@ 123456gmail.com

                Corresponding author: Nandini Sen, Dept. of Public Health Dentistry, Pacific Dental College and Hospital, Debari, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India. Pin: 313024. Phone: +91-9521664698. sen_ty31@ 123456yahoo.co.in
                Article
                jAFHS.v18.i4.pg1046
                10.4314/ahs.v18i4.26
                6354858
                8c768a85-0e2f-475f-b100-a74ab0c6110f
                © 2018 Sen et al.

                Licensee African Health Sciences. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                smokers,cariogram,smokeless tobacco,dental caries,sugar
                smokers, cariogram, smokeless tobacco, dental caries, sugar

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