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      Rauchfreies Deutschland 2040: Ein Diskussionsbeitrag Translated title: Smoke-free Germany 2040: a discussion paper

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          Zusammenfassung

          Einleitung  Sobald weniger als 5 % einer Population rauchen, spricht man von einer „rauchfreien“ Gesellschaft. Es soll prognostiziert werden, ab welchem Zeitpunkt dieses Ziel in Deutschland erreicht werden könnte. Zur Verringerung des Raucheranteils in der Bevölkerung empfiehlt die Weltgesundheitsorganisation ein Bündel von Maßnahmen (MPOWER), das sowohl das Angebot von als auch die Nachfrage nach Tabak minimieren soll. Der derzeitige Umsetzungsgrad dieser Empfehlungen in Deutschland soll dargestellt werden.

          Methoden  21 repräsentative Querschnittserhebungen der Drogenaffinitätsstudie sowie des Epidemiologischen Suchtsurveys ab 2000/2001 für Jugendliche sowie Erwachsene bilden das Rauchverhalten der Bevölkerung bis 2018 ab. Als objektiver Datensatz wurde der Pro-Kopf-Verbrauch von fabrikfertigen und selbsthergestellten Zigaretten im selben Zeitraum genutzt. Mittels Regressionsanalysen wurde modelliert, ab welchem Zeitpunkt weniger als 5 % der Bevölkerung in Deutschland rauchen. Zur Beschreibung der Umsetzung des MPOWER-Programms wird ein selektiver Literaturüberblick vorgenommen.

          Ergebnisse  In Deutschland gab es vor dem Jahr 2000 keinen Trend zum Nichtrauchen. Nach Umsetzung verschiedener Präventionsmaßnahmen wie Preiserhöhungen von Tabakprodukten und Einführung der Nichtraucherschutzgesetze ist ab dem Jahr 2000 die Verbreitung des Rauchens in der Bevölkerung kontinuierlich zurückgegangen. Bis 2018 wurde das 5 %-Prävalenzziel bei Jugendlichen nahezu erreicht, da der relative Anteil rauchender Jugendlicher um 20,9 Prozentpunkte auf 6,6 % gefallen ist. Der relative Anteil rauchender erwachsener Frauen fiel um 12,1 Prozentpunkte auf 18,5 %, der relative Anteil rauchender Männer um 14,8 Prozentpunkte auf 24,2 %. Unter der Annahme eines linearen Trends kann das Prävalenzziel von weniger als 5 % rauchender Erwachsener etwa 2043 erreicht werden. Von den 6 empfohlenen Maßnahmen des MPOWER-Programms setzt Deutschland derzeit lediglich das Monitoring des Tabakkonsums in der Gesellschaft ohne Abstriche um.

          Diskussion  Nach Umsetzung verschiedener Tabakpräventionsmaßnahmen setzte in Deutschland ein Trend zum Nichtrauchen ein. Die von der Weltgesundheitsorganisation empfohlene kontinuierliche Preiserhöhung, die weitere Einschränkung der Verfügbarkeit, das Verbot jeglicher Tabakwerbung und -promotion, die Unterstützung des Rauchstopps sowie die Aufklärung der Bevölkerung erscheinen erforderlich, um diesen Trend zu verstärken und das gesundheitspolitische Ziel einer rauchfreien Gesellschaft 2040 zu erreichen.

          Abstract

          Introduction  A “smoke-free” society is assumed if less than 5 % of a population smoke. We predict when this goal could be reached in Germany. To reduce the proportion of smokers in the population, the World Health Organization recommends a bundle of measures (MPOWER) that should minimize both the supply of and the demand for tobacco. The current level of implementation of these recommendations in Germany is presented.

          Methods  A total of 21 representative cross-sectional surveys of the Drug Affinity Study and the Epidemiological Survey of Substance Abuse since 2000/2001 with adolescents and adults show the smoking behavior of the population until 2018. Per capita consumption of factory-built and self-made cigarettes during the same period is used as an objective data basis. Regression analyses are used to model the date at which less than 5 % of the German population smoke. A selective literature review is carried out to describe the implementation of the MPOWER program.

          Results  Before 2000 there was no trend in Germany towards non-smoking. After the implementation of various preventive measures such as price increases for tobacco products and the introduction of non-smoking protection laws, the spread of smoking among the population has steadily decreased since 2000. By 2018, the 5 % prevalence target among adolescents had almost been reached, as the relative proportion of adolescents who smoked fell by 20.9 percentage points to 6.6 %. The relative proportion of smoking in adult women fell by 12.1 percentage points to 18.5 %, the relative proportion of smoking in men by 14.8 percentage points to 24.2 %. Assuming a linear trend, the prevalence target of less than 5 % smoking adults can be reached by around 2043. Of the six recommended measures of the MPOWER program, Germany is currently only implementing the monitoring of tobacco consumption in society without compromises.

          Discussion  After various tobacco prevention measures were implemented, a trend towards non-smoking began in Germany. The continual price increase recommended by the World Health Organization, the further restriction of availability, the ban on all tobacco advertising and promotion, the support of smoking cessation as well as the education of the population appear to be necessary to reinforce this trend and to achieve the health policy goal of a smoke-free society in 2040.

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          Most cited references34

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          E-Cigarettes: Use, Effects on Smoking, Risks, and Policy Implications

          Since e-cigarettes appeared in the mid-2000s, some practitioners, researchers, and policy makers have embraced them as a safer alternative to conventional cigarettes and an effective way to stop smoking. While e-cigarettes deliver lower levels of carcinogens than do conventional cigarettes, they still expose users to high levels of ultrafine particles and other toxins that may substantially increase cardiovascular and noncancer lung disease risks, which account for more than half of all smoking-caused deaths, at rates similar to conventional cigarettes. Moreover, rather than stimulating smokers to switch from conventional cigarettes to less dangerous e-cigarettes or quitting altogether, e-cigarettes are reducing smoking cessation rates and expanding the nicotine market by attracting youth.
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            Mass media interventions for smoking cessation in adults

            Mass media tobacco control campaigns can reach large numbers of people. Much of the literature is focused on the effects of tobacco control advertising on young people, but there are also a number of evaluations of campaigns targeting adult smokers, which show mixed results. Campaigns may be local, regional or national, and may be combined with other components of a comprehensive tobacco control policy. To assess the effectiveness of mass media interventions in reducing smoking among adults. The Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group search strategy was combined with additional searches for any studies that referred to tobacco/smoking cessation, mass media and adults. We also searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and a number of electronic databases. The last search was carried out in November 2016. Controlled trials allocating communities, regions or states to intervention or control conditions; interrupted time series. Adults, 25 years or older, who regularly smoke cigarettes. Studies which cover all adults as defined in studies were included. Mass media are defined here as channels of communication such as television, radio, newspapers, billboards, posters, leaflets or booklets intended to reach large numbers of people, and which are not dependent on person‐to‐person contact. The purpose of the mass media campaign must be primarily to encourage smokers to quit. They could be carried out alone or in conjunction with tobacco control programmes. The primary outcome was change in smoking behaviour. This could be reported as changes in prevalence, changes in cigarette consumption, quit rates, or odds of being a smoker. Two authors independently assessed all studies for inclusion criteria and for study quality (MB, LS, RTM). One author (MB) extracted data, and a second author (LS) checked them. Results were not pooled due to heterogeneity of the included studies and are presented narratively and in table form. Eleven campaigns met the inclusion criteria for this review. Studies differed in design, settings, duration, content and intensity of intervention, length of follow‐up, methods of evaluation and also in definitions and measures of smoking behaviour used. Among seven campaigns reporting smoking prevalence, significant decreases were observed in the California and Massachusetts statewide tobacco control campaigns compared with the rest of the USA. Some positive effects on prevalence in the whole population or in the subgroups were observed in three of the remaining seven studies. Three large‐scale campaigns of the seven presenting results for tobacco consumption found statistically significant decreases. Among the eight studies presenting abstinence or quit rates, four showed some positive effect, although in one of them the effect was measured for quitting and cutting down combined. Among the three that did not show significant decreases, one demonstrated a significant intervention effect on smokers and ex‐smokers combined. There is evidence that comprehensive tobacco control programmes which include mass media campaigns can be effective in changing smoking behaviour in adults, but the evidence comes from a heterogeneous group of studies of variable methodological quality. One state‐wide tobacco control programme (Massachusetts) showed positive results up to eight years after the campaign. Another (California) showed positive results during the period of adequate funding and implementation and in final evaluation since the beginning of the programme. Six of nine studies carried out in communities or regions showed some positive effects on smoking behaviour and at least one significant change in smoking prevalence (Sydney). The intensity and duration of mass media campaigns may influence effectiveness, but length of follow‐up and concurrent secular trends and events can make this difficult to quantify. No consistent relationship was observed between campaign effectiveness and age, education, ethnicity or gender. Background Mass media programmes involve communication through television, radio, newspapers, billboards, posters, leaflets or booklets, with the aims of encouraging smokers to quit, and maintaining abstinence in non‐smokers. It is difficult to establish their role in this process and they require strict methodological design. Review question To assess the effectiveness of mass media interventions in reducing smoking among adults. Study characteristics We searched up until 30th November 2016, and found 11 relevant studies for this review. The numbers of participants varied between the included studies. All of the studies involved adults, although some studies also included younger people (14+ or 15+). Campaigns involved TV, radio, print media and billboard advertising. Studies differed in setting, duration, content of the intervention, length of observation, measures of smoking behaviour and the way of showing results. Two campaigns reported definite decreases in smoking prevalence, and some positive effects were observed in another three. Three large‐scale campaigns reported lower tobacco consumption. Three studies showed some positive effect in abstinence or quit rates. One study did not show significant decreases but did demonstrate an effect of the intervention on smokers and ex‐smokers combined. Key results Tobacco control programmes that include mass media campaigns may change smoking behaviour in adults, but the evidence comes from studies of variable quality and scale and often occur in an environment where there are other influences on smoking, making it hard to isolate the effects of the media campaign itself. No consistent patterns by age, education, ethnicity or gender were found. Quality of the evidence There were problems with the design and conduct of all of the studies, which clouded the evidence. It would help if future studies could include comparator communities where there are no mass media interventions taking place to get a better estimate of the effect of the mass media campaign.
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              The Use of Alcohol, Tobacco, Illegal Drugs and Medicines : An Estimate of Consumption and Substance-Related Disorders in Germany

              Background Prevalence estimates of the use of tobacco, alcohol, illegal drugs, and psychoactive medications and of substance-related disorders enable an assessment of the effects of substance use on health and society. Methods The data used for this study were derived from the 2018 Epidemiological Survey of Substance Abuse ( Epidemiologischer Suchtsurvey, ESA). The sample of the German adult population comprised 9267 persons aged 18 to 64 (response rate, 42%). Population estimates were obtained by extrapolation to a total resident population of 51 544 494 people. Results In the 30 days prior to the survey, 71.6% of the respondents (corresponding to 36.9 million persons in the population) had consumed alcohol, and 28.0% (14.4 million) had consumed tobacco. 4.0% reported having used e-cigarettes, and 0.8% reported having used heat-not-burn products. Among illegal drugs, cannabis was the most commonly used, with a 12-month prevalence of 7.1% (3.7 million), followed by amphetamines (1.2%; 619 000). The prevalence of the use of analgesics without a prescription (31.4%) was markedly higher than that of the use of prescribed analgesics (17.5%, 26.0 million); however, analgesics were taken daily less commonly than other types of medication. 13.5% of the sample (7.0 million) had at least one dependence diagnosis (12-month prevalence). Conclusion Substance use and the consumption of psychoactive medications are widespread in the German population. Substance-related disorders are a major burden to society, with legal substances causing greater burden than illegal substances.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Dtsch Med Wochenschr
                Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr
                10.1055/s-00000011
                Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946)
                © Georg Thieme Verlag KG (Stuttgart · New York )
                0012-0472
                1439-4413
                September 2020
                22 June 2020
                : 145
                : 18
                : e101-e107
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institut für Therapie- und Gesundheitsforschung, IFT-Nord gGmbH, Kiel
                [2 ]Ärztlicher Arbeitskreis Rauchen und Gesundheit e. V., Eching/München
                Author notes
                Korrespondenzadresse Prof. Dr. phil. Reiner Hanewinkel Institut für Therapie- und Gesundheitsforschung, IFT-Nord gGmbH Harmsstr. 224114 Kiel++ 49/4 31/5 70 29 20 hanewinkel@ 123456ift-nord.de
                Article
                10.1055/a-1162-3305
                7481020
                32572868
                8c984e7e-3f9b-4102-ba29-15d53f233f17

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License, which permits unrestricted reproduction and distribution, for non-commercial purposes only; and use and reproduction, but not distribution, of adapted material for non-commercial purposes only, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Originalarbeit

                rauchen,tabakprävention,mpower,e-zigaretten,rauchfrei,smoking,tobacco prevention,e-cigarettes,smoke-free

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