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      Inflammageing: chronic inflammation in ageing, cardiovascular disease, and frailty

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      Nature Reviews Cardiology
      Springer Nature America, Inc

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          Abstract

          Most older individuals develop inflammageing, a condition characterized by elevated levels of blood inflammatory markers that carries high susceptibility to chronic morbidity, disability, frailty, and premature death. Potential mechanisms of inflammageing include genetic susceptibility, central obesity, increased gut permeability, changes to microbiota composition, cellular senescence, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, oxidative stress caused by dysfunctional mitochondria, immune cell dysregulation, and chronic infections. Inflammageing is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and clinical trials suggest that this association is causal. Inflammageing is also a risk factor for chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, cancer, depression, dementia, and sarcopenia, but whether modulating inflammation beneficially affects the clinical course of non-CVD health problems is controversial. This uncertainty is an important issue to address because older patients with CVD are often affected by multimorbidity and frailty - which affect clinical manifestations, prognosis, and response to treatment - and are associated with inflammation by mechanisms similar to those in CVD. The hypothesis that inflammation affects CVD, multimorbidity, and frailty by inhibiting growth factors, increasing catabolism, and interfering with homeostatic signalling is supported by mechanistic studies but requires confirmation in humans. Whether early modulation of inflammageing prevents or delays the onset of cardiovascular frailty should be tested in clinical trials.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Nature Reviews Cardiology
          Nat Rev Cardiol
          Springer Nature America, Inc
          1759-5002
          1759-5010
          September 2018
          July 31 2018
          September 2018
          : 15
          : 9
          : 505-522
          Article
          10.1038/s41569-018-0064-2
          6146930
          30065258
          8c9f2283-c351-4555-97e7-f2d78fdfcc53
          © 2018

          http://www.springer.com/tdm

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