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      Physical activity in older age: perspectives for healthy ageing and frailty

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          Abstract

          Regular physical activity helps to improve physical and mental functions as well as reverse some effects of chronic disease to keep older people mobile and independent. Despite the highly publicised benefits of physical activity, the overwhelming majority of older people in the United Kingdom do not meet the minimum physical activity levels needed to maintain health. The sedentary lifestyles that predominate in older age results in premature onset of ill health, disease and frailty. Local authorities have a responsibility to promote physical activity amongst older people, but knowing how to stimulate regular activity at the population-level is challenging. The physiological rationale for physical activity, risks of adverse events, societal and psychological factors are discussed with a view to inform public health initiatives for the relatively healthy older person as well as those with physical frailty. The evidence shows that regular physical activity is safe for healthy and for frail older people and the risks of developing major cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, obesity, falls, cognitive impairments, osteoporosis and muscular weakness are decreased by regularly completing activities ranging from low intensity walking through to more vigorous sports and resistance exercises. Yet, participation in physical activities remains low amongst older adults, particularly those living in less affluent areas. Older people may be encouraged to increase their activities if influenced by clinicians, family or friends, keeping costs low and enjoyment high, facilitating group-based activities and raising self-efficacy for exercise.

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          Frailty in Older Adults: Evidence for a Phenotype

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            Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community

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              Breaks in sedentary time: beneficial associations with metabolic risk.

              Total sedentary (absence of whole-body movement) time is associated with obesity, abnormal glucose metabolism, and the metabolic syndrome. In addition to the effects of total sedentary time, the manner in which it is accumulated may also be important. We examined the association of breaks in objectively measured sedentary time with biological markers of metabolic risk. Participants (n = 168, mean age 53.4 years) for this cross-sectional study were recruited from the 2004-2005 Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle study. Sedentary time was measured by an accelerometer (counts/minute(-1) or = 100) was considered a break. Fasting plasma glucose, 2-h plasma glucose, serum triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, weight, height, waist circumference, and resting blood pressure were measured. MatLab was used to derive the breaks variable; SPSS was used for the statistical analysis. Independent of total sedentary time and moderate-to-vigorous intensity activity time, increased breaks in sedentary time were beneficially associated with waist circumference (standardized beta = -0.16, 95% CI -0.31 to -0.02, P = 0.026), BMI (beta = -0.19, -0.35 to -0.02, P = 0.026), triglycerides (beta = -0.18, -0.34 to -0.02, P = 0.029), and 2-h plasma glucose (beta = -0.18, -0.34 to -0.02, P = 0.025). This study provides evidence of the importance of avoiding prolonged uninterrupted periods of sedentary (primarily sitting) time. These findings suggest new public health recommendations regarding breaking up sedentary time that are complementary to those for physical activity.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                j.s.mcphee@mmu.ac.uk
                Journal
                Biogerontology
                Biogerontology
                Biogerontology
                Springer Netherlands (Dordrecht )
                1389-5729
                1573-6768
                2 March 2016
                2 March 2016
                2016
                : 17
                : 567-580
                Affiliations
                [ ]School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Manchester, M1 5GD UK
                [ ]School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
                [ ]Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Manchester, UK
                [ ]School of Social Sciences, Humanities, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
                [ ]Clinical Gerontology, Salford Royal Hospital & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
                [ ]Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3659-0773
                Article
                9641
                10.1007/s10522-016-9641-0
                4889622
                26936444
                8cbc2249-32d6-46eb-a9ca-0fbdfca832ab
                © The Author(s) 2016

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                : 13 July 2015
                : 19 February 2016
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000265, Medical Research Council;
                Award ID: MR/K025252/1
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Review Article
                Custom metadata
                © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016

                Geriatric medicine
                exercise,physical activity,muscle,falls,health,frailty
                Geriatric medicine
                exercise, physical activity, muscle, falls, health, frailty

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