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      Using Watershed Boundaries to Map Adverse Health Outcomes: Examples From Nebraska, USA

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          Abstract

          In 2009, a paper was published suggesting that watersheds provide a geospatial platform for establishing linkages between aquatic contaminants, the health of the environment, and human health. This article is a follow-up to that original article. From an environmental perspective, watersheds segregate landscapes into geospatial units that may be relevant to human health outcomes. From an epidemiologic perspective, the watershed concept places anthropogenic health data into a geospatial framework that has environmental relevance. Research discussed in this article includes information gathered from the literature, as well as recent data collected and analyzed by this research group. It is our contention that the use of watersheds to stratify geospatial information may be both environmentally and epidemiologically valuable.

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          Cancer statistics, 2016.

          Rebecca L Siegel, Kimberly D Miller, Ahmedin Jemal (2016)
          Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths that will occur in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival. Incidence data were collected by the National Cancer Institute (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results [SEER] Program), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (National Program of Cancer Registries), and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2016, 1,685,210 new cancer cases and 595,690 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States. Overall cancer incidence trends (13 oldest SEER registries) are stable in women, but declining by 3.1% per year in men (from 2009-2012), much of which is because of recent rapid declines in prostate cancer diagnoses. The cancer death rate has dropped by 23% since 1991, translating to more than 1.7 million deaths averted through 2012. Despite this progress, death rates are increasing for cancers of the liver, pancreas, and uterine corpus, and cancer is now the leading cause of death in 21 states, primarily due to exceptionally large reductions in death from heart disease. Among children and adolescents (aged birth-19 years), brain cancer has surpassed leukemia as the leading cause of cancer death because of the dramatic therapeutic advances against leukemia. Accelerating progress against cancer requires both increased national investment in cancer research and the application of existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population.
          Article 0 comments Cited 1842 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Cancer statistics, 2015.

            Rebecca Siegel, Kimberly D Miller, Ahmedin Jemal (2015)
            Each year the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths that will occur in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival. Incidence data were collected by the National Cancer Institute (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results [SEER] Program), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (National Program of Cancer Registries), and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. A total of 1,658,370 new cancer cases and 589,430 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States in 2015. During the most recent 5 years for which there are data (2007-2011), delay-adjusted cancer incidence rates (13 oldest SEER registries) declined by 1.8% per year in men and were stable in women, while cancer death rates nationwide decreased by 1.8% per year in men and by 1.4% per year in women. The overall cancer death rate decreased from 215.1 (per 100,000 population) in 1991 to 168.7 in 2011, a total relative decline of 22%. However, the magnitude of the decline varied by state, and was generally lowest in the South (∼15%) and highest in the Northeast (≥20%). For example, there were declines of 25% to 30% in Maryland, New Jersey, Massachusetts, New York, and Delaware, which collectively averted 29,000 cancer deaths in 2011 as a result of this progress. Further gains can be accelerated by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
            Article 0 comments Cited 963 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Children Associated With the Flint Drinking Water Crisis: A Spatial Analysis of Risk and Public Health Response.

              Mona Hanna-Attisha, Jenny LaChance, Richard Sadler … (2016)
              We analyzed differences in pediatric elevated blood lead level incidence before and after Flint, Michigan, introduced a more corrosive water source into an aging water system without adequate corrosion control.
              Article 0 comments Cited 135 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Environ Health Insights
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Environ Health Insights
                Journal ID (publisher-id): EHI
                Journal ID (hwp): spehi
                Title: Environmental Health Insights
                Publisher: SAGE Publications (Sage UK: London, England )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1178-6302
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 January 2018
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Volume: 12
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1178630217751906
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Epidemiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
                [2 ]Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Omaha, NE, USA
                [3 ]Department of Environmental, Agricultural & Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
                [4 ]Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
                [5 ]Department of Geography & Geology, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
                [6 ]Idaho Water Resources Research Institute, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
                Author notes
                [*]Alan S. Kolok, Idaho Water Resources Research Institute, 875 Perimeter Drive, MS 3002, Moscow Idaho 83844. Email: akolok@ 123456uidaho.edu
                Article
                Publisher ID: 10.1177_1178630217751906 Publisher-manuscript ID: EHI-0043105
                DOI: 10.1177/1178630217751906
                PMC ID: 5788116
                SO-VID: 8cbd2da8-c293-4853-825c-ecef93f07c54
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2018
                License:

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ( http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

                History
                Date received : 18 July 2017
                Date accepted : 11 December 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Methodology
                Custom metadata
                cover-date January-December 2018

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: watershed,agrichemicals,environmental health,epidemiology,agricultural runoff
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: watershed, agrichemicals, environmental health, epidemiology, agricultural runoff

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