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Development of novel rosuvastatin nanostructured lipid carriers for oral delivery in an animal model
research-article
Publication date (Electronic):
20 July 2018
Journal:
Drug Design, Development and Therapy
Publisher:
Dove Medical Press
There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.
Abstract
Objective
The aim of this study was to prepare rosuvastatin nanostructured lipid carriers (RST-NLCs) in order to increase the bioavailability of RST.
Materials and methods
RST-NLCs were prepared by hot melt high-pressure homogenization method. The physicochemical parameters of RST-NLCs were characterized in terms of particle size, zeta potential, morphology, entrapment efficiency, and in vitro release behavior.
Results
The mean particle size was found to be 98.4±0.3 nm. The entrapment efficiency was 84.3%±1.3%. The RST was slowly released from NLCs over a period of 48 h in the PBS. A similar phenomenon was also observed in a pharmacokinetic study in rats, in which the area under the curve of NLCs was 1.65-fold higher than that of tablet powder.
Most cited references18
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Solid lipid nanoparticles as a drug delivery system for peptides and proteins.
J Almeida, Eliana Souto (2007)
Solid lipid particulate systems such as solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), lipid microparticles (LM) and lipospheres have been sought as alternative carriers for therapeutic peptides, proteins and antigens. The research work developed in the area confirms that under optimised conditions they can be produced to incorporate hydrophobic or hydrophilic proteins and seem to fulfil the requirements for an optimum particulate carrier system. Proteins and antigens intended for therapeutic purposes may be incorporated or adsorbed onto SLN, and further administered by parenteral routes or by alternative routes such as oral, nasal and pulmonary. Formulation in SLN confers improved protein stability, avoids proteolytic degradation, as well as sustained release of the incorporated molecules. Important peptides such as cyclosporine A, insulin, calcitonin and somatostatin have been incorporated into solid lipid particles and are currently under investigation. Several local or systemic therapeutic applications may be foreseen, such as immunisation with protein antigens, infectious disease treatment, chronic diseases and cancer therapy.
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Novel resveratrol nanodelivery systems based on lipid nanoparticles to enhance its oral bioavailability
Ana Rute Neves, Marlene Lúcio, Susana Martins … (2013)
Introduction The last decades have witnessed a rising interest in resveratrol by health professionals. Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol that is found in grape skin and seeds, among other places, and is a possible contributor to the cardiovascular protection conferred by red wine consumption, the so-called French Paradox. Moreover, the interest in resveratrol has increased due to several other pharmacological effects and properties, which include neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory effects, chemopreventive and antiaging properties, and its potential role in diabetes and obesity prevention.1 Despite the beneficial therapeutic effects of resveratrol, its pharmacokinetic properties are less favorable, since the compound has poor bioavailability, low water solubility, and is chemical unstable, being rapidly and extensively metabolized and excreted.1–3 However, in most studies resveratrol has been used in its free form, which is not suitable for drug delivery. Nanocarriers have rarely been considered,4–9 thus presenting a challenge still to be pursued. The development of site-specific drug delivery systems that protect resveratrol during its transit inside the organism is extremely important to preserve its pharmacological properties, while enhancing its bioavailability after oral administration. For this reason, the main goal of this work was to develop novel resveratrol nanodelivery systems based on lipid nanoparticles to enable resveratrol’s further use in medicines, supplements, and nutraceuticals. These challenging controlled-release systems are suitable for transporting and protecting this important bioactive compound against degradation, increasing its physical stability, and enhancing its oral bioavailability. Lipid nanoparticles are submicron colloidal carriers composed of biodegradable and biocompatible lipids that are generally recognized as safe and suitable for the incorporation of lipophilic and poorly water soluble active ingredients such as resveratrol, promoting its oral absorption.10,11 In fact, lipid nanoparticles have a superior ability to penetrate cell membranes, allowing the increased cellular uptake of compounds they are loaded with.12 The lipid nanoparticles tested were solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs). These were produced using a relatively simple modified hot homogenization technique with no use of organic solvents that would be economically affordable to scale-up. SLNs are composed of a solid lipid at room and body temperature, while NLCs differ from SLNs by the incorporation of a liquid lipid into their solid structure.11,13 NLCs have been developed to overcome some limitations of SLNs due to their highly ordered crystalline structure that is conferred by the isolated solid lipid. In general, dispersions with a highly recrystallized lipid phase like SLNs lead to drug expulsion and have a lower physical stability. In contrast, less ordered crystalline structures, such as those of NLCs, exhibit lattice defects in the lipid core, conferred by the inclusion of the liquid lipid, that promote greater physical stability and avoid drug expulsion during storage.14,15 To evaluate the quality of the developed resveratrol-loaded nanoparticles, both nanodelivery systems were characterized according to their surface morphology, entrapment efficiency (EE), average diameter, polydispersity index (PI), zeta potential, degree of crystallinity, and in vitro release studies in the shelf conditions of storage and gastrointestinal simulations. The stability of the nanoparticles was also verified by periodical measurements of particle size and zeta potential. It was expected that the physical and chemical protection conferred to resveratrol by the lipid nanoparticles would enhance the therapeutic effects of resveratrol by minimizing its instability in vivo and controlling its release profile. Materials and methods Materials For the nanoparticle synthesis, trans-resveratrol (more than 99% pure) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA), the solid lipid cetyl palmitate was provided by Gattefossé (Nanterre, France), polysorbate 60 (Tween® 60) was supplied by Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), and miglyol-812 from Acofarma (Madrid, Spain). For the preparation of pH 1.2 hydrochloric acid (HCl) and pH 7.4 phosphate buffer solutions, potassium phosphate monobasic was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, sodium hydroxide from Riedel-de Haën (Seelze, Germany), and hydrochloric acid SG 1.18 (~37%) from Fisher Chemical (Loughborough, UK). Preparation of SLNs and NLCs The method chosen for the preparation of the nanoparticles was a good compromise between the high shear homogenization to produce particles in the micrometer range and the ultrasound method to reduce the microparticles to the nanometer range. For the SLNs cetyl palmitate and polysorbate 60 were added. In the case of NLCs cetyl palmitate, polysorbate 60, and the liquid lipid miglyol-812 were added (Table 1). The lipid phase, containing cetyl palmitate, miglyol-812, the stabilizer polysorbate 60, and the lipophilic resveratrol to be encapsulated (0, 2, 5, 10, and 15 mg), was melted at 70°C, which was above the lipid’s melting point. The molten lipid was then dispersed in Milli-Q water at the same temperature by high-speed stirring in an Ultra-Turrax T25 (Janke and Kunkel IKA-Labortechnik, Staufen, Germany) followed by sonication using a Sonics and Materials Vibra-Cell™ CV18 (Newtown, CT, USA). Some parameters of the high shear homogenization and ultrasound method technique for the lipid nanoparticles production were optimized in order to establish the best conditions for the production of each type of formulation. The SLNs were stirred for 30 seconds at 12,000 rpm, followed by 5 minutes of 80% intensity sonication. The NLCs were homogenized for 2 minutes then sonicated during 15 minutes at 70% intensity. The formulations appeared white and milky and had low viscosity. The cooling of the nanoemulsions at room temperature allowed the crystallization of the lipid and subsequent formation of the lipid nanoparticles. To assess the stability of the formulations, they were stored for 2 months at room temperature and the particle size and zeta potential were measured periodically. Morphology determination To characterize the morphology of the SLNs and NLCs, the nanosystems were observed by cryo-scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using variously a JEOL JSM-6301F (Tokyo, Japan), an Oxford Instruments INCA Energy 350 (Abingdon, UK), and an Gatan Alto 2500 (Pleasanton, CA, USA). Cryo preparation techniques for SEM have become essential for the observation of wet or beam-sensitive specimens to minimize potential morphological particle changes. The nanoparticle dispersions were dropped on a grid, rapidly cooled in a liquid nitrogen slush (−210°C), and transferred under vacuum to the cold stage of the preparation chamber. Here, the samples were fractured, sublimated (4 minutes, −90°C) to reveal greater detail, and coated with a gold-palladium alloy. Finally, the specimens were moved under vacuum into the SEM chamber where they were observed at −150°C. Resveratrol EE The EE of the drug was determined by calculating the difference between the total amount of resveratrol used to prepare the formulation and the amount of free resveratrol that was still present in the aqueous phase.11,16 The formulation samples were diluted in Milli-Q water (1:200) and transferred into Amicon® Ultra-4 Centrifugal Filter Devices (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). Centrifugation was performed using a Jouan BR4i multifunction centrifuge with a KeyWrite-D™ interface (Thermo Electron, Waltham, MA, USA) with a fixed 23°-angle rotor and 3300 g spin for 5 minutes. The unentrapped resveratrol was present in the supernatant, which was stored in the centrifuge tube and quantified using a V-660 spectrophotometer (Jasco, Easton, MD, USA) at 200–600 nm. The EE was calculated as follows: E E = Total amount of resveratrol - Unentrapped resveratrol Total amount of resveratrol × 100 Particle size measurements Particle size analysis was performed by dynamic light scattering (DLS), also known as photon correlation spectroscopy, using a particle size analyzer (Brookhaven Instruments, Holtsville, NY, USA). Prior to the measurements, all samples were diluted (1:360) using Milli-Q water to yield a suitable scattering intensity. DLS data were analyzed at 25°C and with a fixed light incidence angle of 90°. The mean hydrodynamic diameter (Z-average) and the PI were determined as a measure of the width of the particle size distribution. The Z-average and PI of the analyzed samples were obtained by calculating the average of ten runs. The measurements were performed in triplicate. Zeta potential measurements The zeta potential was determined by measurement of the electrophoretic mobility using a zeta potential analyzer (Brookhaven Instruments, Holtsville, NY, USA). Samples were diluted (1:360) with Milli-Q water and were analyzed at 25°C. The zeta potential of the analyzed samples was obtained by calculating the average of six runs (each one with ten cycles). The measurements were performed in triplicate. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis The study of the degree of crystallinity and the lipid polymorphism of the SLNs and NLCs was performed by DSC using a PerkinElmer Pyris 1 differential scanning calorimeter (Waltham, MA, USA). The samples were weighed (5–10 mg) directly in aluminum pans and scanned between 25°C and 65°C at a heating rate of 5°C · min−1 and cooling rate of 40°C · min−1 under nitrogen. An empty aluminum pan was used as reference. DSC analyses were performed on the lipid nanoparticles under investigation as well as on the bulk materials used in the preparation of the nanoparticles. The onset temperature, melting point (peak maximum), and melting enthalpy (ΔH) were calculated using the software provided by PerkinElmer. The degree of crystallinity or recrystallization index (RI) was determined by the following equation:14 R I ( % ) = Δ H S L N o r N L C ( J / g ) Δ H b u l k m a t e r i a l ( J / g ) × C o n c e n t r a t i o n l i p i d p h a s e ( % ) × 100 In vitro resveratrol release studies Release simulation in liquid dosage forms In vitro resveratrol release studies were performed using a cellulose dialysis bag diffusion technique (Cellu.Sep® T1 with a nominal molecular weight cut off of 3500 [Frilabo, Milheirós, Maia, Portugal]) filled with 2 mL of the sample (SLN-1 or NLC-1). We were interested in simulating the shelf conditions of storage (room temperature) to simulate the release of resveratrol from nanoparticles during the packing time and while they are not being administrated. It was important to determine the nanoparticles’ stability over this time to find out whether the resveratrol remained encapsulated in the core of the nanoparticles during storage. Thus, the samples were incubated in Milli-Q water (the same water used in their preparation) at 25°C with stirring at 100 rpm. At regular intervals, sample aliquots were withdrawn and replaced with the same volume of fresh Milli-Q water to maintain the sink conditions. The resveratrol release was quantified using a V-660 spectrophotometer (Jasco) at 200–600 nm. The studies were conducted in triplicate and the cumulative percentage of released compound was determined by calculating the average, indicating the standard deviations (SDs). Release simulation in gastrointestinal transit We were also interested in simulating the transit from stomach to intestine that would occur following oral administration. To this end, we incubated samples for 3 hours in simulated gastric fluid (HCl solution, pH 1.2) before placing them in simulated intestinal fluid (a buffer solution containing potassium dihydrogen phosphate, pH 7.4, as described in the United States Pharmacopeia, USP-NP 26), at body temperature (37°C) while being stirred at 100 rpm. At regular intervals, aliquots were collected and replaced with the same volume of fresh medium to maintain the sink conditions. The resveratrol release was quantified using a V-660 spectrophotometer (Jasco) at 200–600 nm. Again, the cumulative percentage of released compound was determined using the average of the triplicate samples, indicating the SDs. Statistical analysis Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software (v 18.0; IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). The measurements were repeated at least three times and data were expressed as mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. A P value of 0.05). Furthermore, comparing SLNs and NLCs, there was no statistically significant variations in the encapsulation efficiency of each formulation (P > 0.05), thus both types of lipid nanoparticles could be considered suitable systems for resveratrol incorporation. Particle size measurements The mean particle sizes of the lipid nanoparticles (SLNs and NLCs) measured by DLS are presented in Table 2. Both unloaded and resveratrol-loaded nanoparticles showed a homogenous size distribution with a mean diameter of 150–250 nm and no statistically significant differences were observed (P > 0.05), suggesting that resveratrol incorporation does not influence the nanoparticles size. The particle sizes obtained by DLS are in agreement with the results obtained by cryo-SEM, with slightly smaller sizes observed using the microscopic technique. It should be noted that these methods are based on totally different sample preparation processes, which might lead to a small difference between them. The size detection of nanoparticles by DLS is carried out in aqueous state meaning that the lipid nanospheres are highly hydrated, so the diameters detected by this technique are usually larger than the non-hydrated diameters. In addition, it should be mentioned that DLS does not directly measure the diameter of particles, but rather detects the fluctuations of light signals caused by the Brownian motion of the particles to calculate their sizes.18 In contrast, when preparing samples for cryo-SEM, both the surface water and the water present inside the nanoparticle matrix are externally removed by sublimation, causing particle shrinkage that results in a slightly smaller size being determined by this method.19 When comparing SLN and NLC nanoparticles (Table 2), no significant changes in hydrodynamic mean diameters were observed (P > 0.05) when a liquid lipid was added to the NLCs. In fact, the liquid lipid may have been entrapped inside the core of the nanoparticles, instead of accumulating on their surface,20 and thus may have meant no significant change in the nanoparticles’ size. The mean diameters confirmed that both lipid nanoparticles produced are submicron colloidal carriers, suitable for oral administration and gastrointestinal absorption.21 The physical stability of the lipid nanoparticles was also evaluated by examining changes of mean particle sizes during storage conditions for 2 months at room temperature. As shown in Figure 2, both lipid nanoparticles (SLNs and NLCs) with and without resveratrol did not show statistically significant changes in their mean diameter and PI values (P > 0.05) when stored as aqueous suspensions at room temperature for 2 months. This long-term stability study indicates good physical stability of the lipid nanoparticles, which is probably due to the polysorbate surfactant used in their preparation.22 This observation anticipates that these particles will remain stable and at a good dispersion quality in long-term storage. Meanwhile, PI values obtained were around 0.2 for all nanoformulations (Table 2 and Figure 2), suggesting that the nanoparticles were in a state of acceptable monodispersity distribution, with low variability and no aggregation. In fact, this type of distribution is usual in SLNs and NLCs made using the high shear homogenization and ultrasound method, as it is very difficult to achieve a unimodal distribution of sizes. Other parameters besides the PI were continually verified, including the baseline index and the average count rate, ensuring good quality results. A baseline index that was always between 8.5 and 10 also indicated that the correlogram was not affected by occasional larger particles or aggregates. The average count rate was always between 100 and 500 kcps, showing that the dilution applied to the formulations was appropriate. Zeta potential measurements Zeta potential is a key factor in the evaluation of the stability of colloidal dispersions, since it is a function of the surface charge that gives the magnitude of the electrostatic repulsive interactions between particles.23 In general, particles can be considered stably dispersed when the absolute value of the zeta potential is above 30 mV due to the electric repulsion between the particles,13,24 while potentials between 5 mV and 15 mV result in limited flocculation and potentials between 0 mV and 5 mV yield a maximum flocculation.25 As shown in Table 2, all nanoformulations presented a high negative average zeta potential of around −30 mV, regardless of resveratrol incorporation, suggesting that resveratrol did not significantly change the zeta potential of the lipid nanoparticles (P > 0.05). Likewise, no statistically significant changes in zeta potential were observed between SLNs and NLCs (P > 0.05). Therefore, the lipid nanoparticles that were developed in the present work are considered physically stable due to the electrostatic repulsion conferred by the chemical nature of the lipid matrix, the polysorbate surfactant used, and possibly the adsorption of negatively charged ions onto the surface of the lipid nanoparticles. The physical stability of the lipid nanoparticles was also verified periodically by analyzing the variation of the zeta potential during storage conditions for 2 months at room temperature. As shown in Figure 3, no tendency for zeta potential to change was found during storage conditions for the lipid nanoparticles (SLNs and NLCs) with and without resveratrol (P > 0.05). This long-term stability study demonstrates that the nanoparticles obtained in this study were dynamic stable systems capable of being used as controlled-release schemes for the oral administration of resveratrol. DSC analysis DSC is one method used to investigate the polymorphic form types, transition states, and crystallization behaviors of colloidal SLN and NLC matrices by determining the variation of temperature and energy at phase transitions. DSC uses the fact that different lipid modifications possess different melting points and melting enthalpies.18,26 Therefore, we used DSC analysis to determine the physical state of the core lipid in our prepared SLNs and NLCs and to correlate these parameters with the resveratrol incorporation and release rates. Bulk solid lipid analysis We first analyzed the bulk solid lipid used to prepare the formulations – namely, cetyl palmitate. The thermal analysis was performed and the obtained thermogram is shown in Figure 4. The heating curve of cetyl palmitate revealed two distinct polymorphic modifications with two separate melting point peaks. The first peak with lower melting point (45.1°C) was attributed to the α-polymorphic form (meta-stable), whereas the second peak (53.1°C) was attributed to the β-polymorphic form (stable form).22 Comparing the nanoparticles with the bulk mixtures DSC thermograms for the bulk materials, unloaded nanoparticles (SLN-placebo and NLC-placebo), and resveratrol-loaded nanoparticles (SLN-RSV and NLC-RSV) are depicted in Figure 5, while the respective melting parameters are shown in Table 3. For the bulk materials, the melting process took place with a maximum peak at 52.7°C for SLNs and 50.6°C for NLCs (see Table 3), which correlated with the β-form of the cetyl palmitate (53.1°C), appearing almost with the same value. When processed as lipid nanoparticles, the SLNs and NLCs showed a main melting transition peak and onset temperature 2°C–3°C lower than that of the bulk material (see Table 3 and Figure 5). Likewise, the melting enthalpy values decreased drastically – from 189.0 to 21.5 J/g in the case of the SLNs and from 137.3 to 11.1 J/g in the NLCs (see Table 3). In Figure 5 such a large difference cannot be seen because the endothermal flow is not given in joules per gram. Therefore, the melting enthalpy values were calculated from the area under the peaks by integrating the peak above the baseline and dividing by the mass of sample in each case. The decrease of the onset temperature, maximum temperature, and melting enthalpy can be attributed to the presence of surfactant15,27 and to the colloidal low dimensions of the particles, in particular to their high surface area to volume ratio described by the Thomson equation.28 This was attributed to the creation of lattice defects onto the lipid matrices, following a decrease in their crystallinity in comparison to their bulk counterparts.29 Therefore, one could conclude that the lipid within nanoparticles should be in a less ordered arrangement than that of the crystalline bulk materials, requiring much less energy to overcome lattice forces. To confirm this statement, we calculated the degree of crystallinity or RI of each of the SLN and NLC formulations. The RIs were calculated from the melting enthalpy of the lipid nanoparticles dispersions compared with the enthalpy of the physical mixture of their excipients. The enthalpy value of the physical mixture was set at 100% crystallinity and this was used as a reference to determine the degree of crystallinity of the nanoformulations. As shown in Table 3, the RIs of the SLNs and NLCs had decreased by 5% and 29%, respectively, in comparison with their bulk materials. This means that the lipid nanoparticles have a lower crystal organization than their reference, confirming what has been said up to this point. Comparing the long-term stability of SLNs and NLCs It has been reported that the RI is directly related to the longterm stability of lipid nanoparticle aqueous dispersions.14 In general, dispersions with a highly recrystallized lipid phase like SLNs result in drug expulsion and have a lower physical stability,14 whereas less ordered crystalline structures like NLCs exhibit lattice defects in the lipid core that could offer spaces to accommodate drugs.15 In this study, the RI of the NLCs (71% [see Table 3]) was smaller than that of the SLNs (95% [see Table 3]), indicating that the NLCs could have a higher physical stability. Similarly, the values of onset temperature, melting transition temperature, and enthalpy also decrease from SLNs to NLCs (see Table 3). This is in agreement with the theory that NLCs are characterized by a less ordered crystalline structure, which is a special feature conferred by the inclusion of the liquid lipid in their composition.15 In fact, the liquid lipid miglyol-812 reduces particle crystallinity, conferring better stability and higher suitability for controlled release. Despite the presence of the liquid lipid, it is important to ensure the required solid physical state of the NLCs after production. It has been verified that supercooled melts (emulsions) are produced instead of nanoparticles dispersions when the melting point of the formulation is below the room temperature. Thus, determining the physical state of the lipid matrix is essential for the development of nanoparticles based on solid lipids. In this study, the solid state of SLNs as well as NLCs was confirmed for both room (25°C) and body (37°C) temperatures, since the onset temperatures and the melting peaks were well above these temperatures (see Table 3 and Figure 5). Effect of resveratrol in the crystalline state of nanoparticles Finally, it was important to establish the effect of the resveratrol incorporation on the melting behavior of these lipid nanoparticles. The DSC thermograms (Figure 5) and the DSC parameters (Table 3), suggest that no significant variations were observed in the melting point of the lipid nanoparticles, regardless of resveratrol incorporation. In the case of SLNs, the melting points were 51.0°C and 51.2°C with and without resveratrol, respectively. For NLCs, the transition phase occurred at 49.2°C and 49.4°C in the absence and presence of resveratrol, respectively. However, the presence of resveratrol caused a decrease in the melting enthalpy, from 21.5 to 19.9 J/g in SLNs and from 11.1 to 8.3 J/g in NLCs (Table 3), suggesting a lower level of organization in the crystal lattice in the presence of resveratrol. Similarly, the RI value also decreased in SLNs (from 95% to 87%) and in NLCs (from 71% to 51%) when resveratrol was incorporated, suggesting that resveratrol induces disorder in the crystal structure of the nanoparticles, thereby increasing their physical stability. As the lipid crystalline structure is a key factor in determining whether the resveratrol is expelled or firmly incorporated into the carrier systems, this less ordered crystalline structure conferred by the presence of resveratrol may also prevent the premature release of the compound from the nanoparticles, promoting a more controlled release. In vitro resveratrol release studies Release simulation in liquid dosage forms In vitro resveratrol release studies were performed in shelf conditions of storage at room temperature to access the stability of the incorporated compound inside the lipid nanoparticles over time. Both SLN and NLC nanoformulations showed a biphasic drug-release pattern: that is, a burst release at the initial state followed by a sustained release (see Figure 6). The burst release characteristics indicated that some resveratrol molecules (6%–8% for SLNs and 3%–4% for NLCs) were adsorbed onto the particle surface, while the sustained release characteristics suggested the diffusion of resveratrol from the core of the lipid matrix. This biphasic behavior is related to the physico-chemical nature of resveratrol and its interaction with the lipid nanoparticles.30,31 Resveratrol is predominantly lipophilic, hence its tendency to localize at the core of the nanoparticle, but it also has three hydroxyl groups, which tend to localize at the interface near the shell, favoring the initial burst release within 5 hours.13 A slower resveratrol release profile was observed in the case of NLCs in comparison to SLNs (see Figure 6; P 0.05). DSC studies confirmed the solid state of SLNs and NLCs for both room (25°C) and body temperatures (37°C). The NLCs had a less ordered crystalline structure than the SLNs, which was conferred by the inclusion of the liquid lipid, since they had lower values for phase transition temperature, melting enthalpy, and RI. These findings suggest that the NLCs had a higher physical stability. The presence of resveratrol had no effect on the melting point of the lipid nanoparticles. However, it did induce a disorder in the crystal structure of the nanoparticles, decreasing the melting enthalpy and RI of the lipid nanoparticles. Resveratrol seems to decrease the order of the crystalline structure of the SLNs and NLCs, promoting physical stability and a more controlled release. Finally, the in vitro release studies in shelf conditions of storage showed a negligible resveratrol release over several hours for both nanosystems, which led us to conclude that both lipid nanoparticles are highly stable systems. The in vitro simulation of gastrointestinal transit showed that resveratrol remained mostly associated to the lipid nanoparticles after their incubation in digestive fluids. Therefore, both nanodelivery systems can be considered suitable carriers for oral administration, conferring protection to the incorporated resveratrol and allowing a controlled release after uptake. In summary, we expect that the physical and chemical protection conferred to resveratrol by these lipid nanoparticles will enhance the therapeutic effects of resveratrol by minimizing its instability in vivo and controlling its release profile.
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A Review of the Structure, Preparation, and Application of NLCs, PNPs, and PLNs
Qianwen Li, Tiange Cai, Yinghong Huang … (2017)
Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are modified solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) that retain the characteristics of the SLN, improve drug stability and loading capacity, and prevent drug leakage. Polymer nanoparticles (PNPs) are an important component of drug delivery. These nanoparticles can effectively direct drug delivery to specific targets and improve drug stability and controlled drug release. Lipid–polymer nanoparticles (PLNs), a new type of carrier that combines liposomes and polymers, have been employed in recent years. These nanoparticles possess the complementary advantages of PNPs and liposomes. A PLN is composed of a core–shell structure; the polymer core provides a stable structure, and the phospholipid shell offers good biocompatibility. As such, the two components increase the drug encapsulation efficiency rate, facilitate surface modification, and prevent leakage of water-soluble drugs. Hence, we have reviewed the current state of development for the NLCs’, PNPs’, and PLNs’ structures, preparation, and applications over the past five years, to provide the basis for further study on a controlled release drug delivery system.
Author and article information
Journal
Journal ID (nlm-ta): Drug Des Devel Ther
Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Drug Des Devel Ther
Journal ID (publisher-id): Drug Design, Development and Therapy
Title:
Drug Design, Development and Therapy
Publisher:
Dove Medical Press
ISSN
(Electronic):
1177-8881
Publication date Collection: 2018
Publication date
(Electronic):
20
July
2018
Volume: 12
Pages: 2241-2248
Affiliations
[1
]School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013,
Jiangsu, China,
icls@
123456ujs.edu.cn
Author notes
Correspondence: Wenrong Xu, No 301, Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China,
Tel +86 511 8878 0086, Fax +86 511 8878 0086, Email
icls@
123456ujs.edu.cn
Article
Publisher ID: dddt-12-2241DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S169522
PMC ID: 6055887
SO-VID: 8cc2c613-33e4-4710-91d1-d02d420dd7df
Copyright © © 2018 Li et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited
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ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
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ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine