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      Un producto natural de posible apoyo al tratamiento de la periodontitis: revisión bibliográfica Translated title: A natural product of possible support for the treatment of periodontitis: a literature review

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Los productos naturales son utilizados ancestralmente en la medicina tradicional, también llamados medicamentos herbarios, que vienen siendo utilizados por sus múltiples propiedades curativas y ante la necesidad de obtener nuevos productos que ayuden o apoyen al tratamiento de múltiples enfermedades, son en la actualidad una alternativa. La Organización Mundial de la Salud define un medicamento herbario como un preparado, producto herbario que contenga el principio activo en una parte de la planta. En la actualidad en la región amazónica de América del Sur, se vienen obteniendo una oleorresina extraída de un árbol llamado copaiba, con propiedades antimicrobianas que tiene una proyección en su uso en patologías periodontales como la periodontitis, patología cuyo mayor factor etiológico es la presencia de una biopelícula microbiana en el surco periodontal, que va degradando progresivamente los tejidos de soporte del diente, pudiendo generar la perdida de la pieza dentaria.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Natural products are used anciently in traditional medicine, also called herbal medicines, which have been used for their multiple healing properties and, given the need to obtain new products that help or support the treatment of multiple diseases, are currently an alternative. The World Health Organization defines an herbal medicine as a preparation, herbal product that contains the active substance in a part of the plant. At present in the Amazon region of South America, an oleoresin extracted from a tree called copaiba is being obtained, with antimicrobial properties that has a projection in its use in periodontal pathologies such as periodontitis, pathology whose major etiological factor is the presence of a microbial biofilm in the periodontal groove, which gradually degrades the supporting tissues of the tooth, and can lead to the loss of the tooth.

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          Antimicrobial activity of Brazilian copaiba oils obtained from different species of the Copaifera genus

          The antimicrobial activity of copaiba oils was tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, yeast, and dermatophytes. Oils obtained from Copaifera martii, Copaifera officinalis, and Copaifera reticulata (collected in the state of Acre) were active against Gram-positive species (Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, and Enterococcus faecalis) with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 31.3-62.5 µg/ml. The oils showed bactericidal activity, decreasing the viability of these Gram-positive bacteria within 3 h. Moderate activity was observed against dermatophyte fungi (Trichophyton rubrum and Microsporum canis). The oils showed no activity against Gram-negative bacteria and yeast. Scannning electron microscopy of S. aureus treated with resin oil from C. martii revealed lysis of the bacteria, causing cellular agglomerates. Transmission electron microscopy revealed disruption and damage to the cell wall, resulting in the release of cytoplasmic compounds, alterations in morphology, and a decrease in cell volume, indicating that copaiba oil may affect the cell wall.
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            Antimicrobial Evaluation of Diterpenes from Copaifera langsdorffii Oleoresin Against Periodontal Anaerobic Bacteria

            The antimicrobial activity of four labdane-type diterpenes isolated from the oleoresin of Copaifera langsdorffii as well as of two commercially available diterpenes (sclareol and manool) was investigated against a representative panel of microorganisms responsible for periodontitis. Among all the evaluated compounds, (−)-copalic acid (CA) was the most active, displaying a very promising MIC value (3.1 µg mL−1; 10.2 µM) against the key pathogen (Porphyromonas gingivalis) involved in this infectious disease. Moreover, CA did not exhibit cytotoxicity when tested in human fibroblasts. Time-kill curve assays performed with CA against P. gingivalis revealed that this compound only inhibited the growth of the inoculums in the first 12 h (bacteriostatic effect). However, its bactericidal effect was clearly noted thereafter (between 12 and 24 h). It was also possible to verify an additive effect when CA and chlorhexidine dihydrochloride (CHD, positive control) were associated at their MBC values. The time curve profile resulting from this combination showed that this association needed only six hours for the bactericidal effect to be noted. In summary, CA has shown to be an important metabolite for the control of periodontal diseases. Moreover, the use of standardized extracts based on copaiba oleoresin with high CA contents can be an important strategy in the development of novel oral care products.
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              Chemical variability of Copaifera reticulata Ducke oleoresin.

              The copaiba tree (Copaifera spp.) produces an oleoresin which is highly valued due to its medicinal properties. The chemical composition of C. reticulata oleoresin was characterized, and its variability related to seasonal variation (dry and rainy seasons), to successive extractions, and to several factors associated with tree morphometry, disease, and surrounding vegetation structure was investigated. Oleoresin was collected from 24 C. reticulata individuals between October 2006 and March 2008. For seven individuals, oleoresin was extracted for a second time between three and nine months after the first extraction. For each tree, several morphometric variables, viz., the presence of termites, vines, and holes as well as the soil type and surrounding vegetation structure, were recorded. The chemical composition and concentration of the main volatile compounds were identified by GC/MS. Almost 100% of the constituents were sesquiterpenes, the three main ones being β-caryophyllene, trans-α-bergamotene, and β-bisabolene. A classification analysis separated the C. reticulata individuals in two main groups and further divided one of the main groups in two subgroups, which were defined by different concentrations of the three main compounds. The results showed high intra-population variability in the composition and concentration of sesquiterpenes, this being comparable to the interspecific variability. It was not possible to determine a clear influence of environmental, morphometrical, and structural factors on the oleoresin composition, although some compounds varied according to the soil type, the volume of oleoresin extracted, and the crown surface. Copyright © 2011 Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta AG, Zürich.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                odonto
                Avances en Odontoestomatología
                Av Odontoestomatol
                Ediciones Avances, S.L. (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0213-1285
                2340-3152
                December 2020
                : 36
                : 3
                : 143-149
                Affiliations
                [1] Lima Lima orgnameUniversidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos orgdiv1Facultad de Odontología Peru
                [4] Lima Lima orgnameUniversidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos orgdiv1Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Peru
                [2] Lima Lima orgnameUniversidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos orgdiv1Facultad de Odontología Peru
                [3] Lima Lima orgnameUniversidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos orgdiv1Facultad de Odontología Peru
                Article
                S0213-12852020000300003 S0213-1285(20)03600300003
                8d009a94-b76f-403a-a802-5a513c7547bc

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 25 October 2019
                : 25 September 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 7
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                SciELO Spain

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                tratamiento,periodontitis,Copaifera,Natural product,Producto natural,treatment

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