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      The impact of primary healthcare reform on equity of utilization of services in the province of Quebec: a 2003–2010 follow-up

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          In 2003, the Quebec government made important changes in its primary healthcare (PHC) system. This reform included the creation of new models of PHC, Family Medicine Groups (e.g. multidisciplinary health teams with extended opening hours and enrolment of patients) and Network Clinics (clinics providing access to investigation and specialist services). Considering that equity is one of the guiding principles of the Quebec health system, our objectives are to assess the impact of the PHC reform on equity by examining the association between socio-economic status (SES) and utilization of healthcare services between 2003 and 2010; and to determine how the organizational model of PHC facilities impacts utilization of services according to SES.

          Methods

          We held population surveys in 2005 ( n = 9206) and 2010 ( n = 9180) in the two most populated regions of Quebec province, relating to utilization and experience of care during the preceding two years, as well as organizational surveys of all PHC facilities. We performed multiple logistical regression analyses comparing levels of SES for different utilization variables, controlling for morbidity and perceived health; we repeated the analyses, this time including type of PHC facility (older vs newer models).

          Results

          Compared with the lowest SES, highest SES is associated with less emergency room visits (OR 0.80) and higher likelihood of at least one visit to a PHC facility (OR 2.17), but lower likelihood of frequent visits to PHC (OR 0.69), and higher affiliation to a family doctor (OR 2.04). Differences remained stable between the 2005 and 2010 samples except for likelihood of visit to PHC source which deteriorated for the lowest SES. Greater improvement in affiliation to family doctor was seen for the lowest SES in older models of PHC organizations, but a deterioration was seen for that same group in newer models.

          Conclusions

          Differences favoring the rich in affiliation to family doctor and likelihood of visit to PHC facility likely represent inequities in access to PHC which remained stable or deteriorated after the reform. New models of PHC organizations do not appear to have improved equity. We believe that an equity-focused approach is needed in order to address persisting inequities.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12939-015-0243-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

          Résumé

          Introduction

          En 2003, le gouvernement du Québec a instauré une réforme des services de santé de première ligne (SPL) qui s’est traduite principalement par la création des groupes de médecine de famille (équipes de soins multidisciplinaires avec heures d’ouverture étendues et inscription de patients) et des cliniques-réseau (permettant un meilleur accès aux plateaux techniques et aux spécialistes). L’équité étant l’un des principes centraux du système de santé québécois, nous nous proposons d’évaluer l’impact de la réforme des SPL sur l’équité en examinant l’association entre le statut socio-économique (SSE) et l’utilisation des services de santé entre 2003 et 2010 ainsi que l’impact des modèles d’organisation de services de SPL sur cette association.

          Méthodologie

          Nous avons mené une enquête téléphonique en 2005 ( n = 9206) et 2010 ( n = 9180) dans les deux régions les plus peuplées du Québec, portant sur l’utilisation des services de santé durant les deux années précédentes, ainsi qu’une enquête organisationnelle de toutes les organisations de SPL. Nous avons réalisé des analyses de régression logistique multivariée en comparant les niveaux de SSE selon diverses variables d’utilisation, en contrôlant pour la morbidité et la santé perçue; nous avons répété les analyses en incluant le type d’organisation de SPL (anciens vs nouveaux modèles).

          Résultats

          Comparativement au plus faible SSE, le SSE le plus élevé est associé à une probabilité moindre de visite à l’urgence (RC 0,80) et une probabilité plus élevée d’au moins une visite en SPL (RC 2,17), mais une probabilité moindre de visites fréquentes en SPL (RC 0,69 ) et une affiliation plus élevée à un médecin de famille (RC 2,04). Ces différences demeurent stables entre 2005 et 2010 sauf pour la probabilité d’au moins une visite en SPL qui s’est détériorée pour le plus faible SSE. L’affiliation au médecin de famille a davantage augmenté pour le SSE le plus faible dans les anciens modèles, mais elle a connu une plus grande détérioration pour ce même groupe dans les nouveaux modèles.

          Conclusions

          Les différences observées en faveur des riches représentent vraisemblablement des iniquités d’accès à la première ligne qui sont demeurées stables ou se sont détériorées après la réforme. Les nouveaux modèles de SPL ne semblent pas avoir amélioré l’équité. Une approche centrée sur l’équité apparaît nécessaire pour réduire les iniquités persistantes.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12939-015-0243-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Most cited references54

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          The concepts and principles of equity and health.

          In 1984, the 32 member states of the World Health Organization European Region took a remarkable step forward in agreeing unanimously on 38 targets for a common health policy for the Region. Not only was equity the subject of the first of these targets, but it was also seen as a fundamental theme running right through the policy as a whole. However, equity can mean different things to different people. This article looks at the concepts and principles of equity as understood in the context of the World Health Organization's Health for All policy. After considering the possible causes of the differences in health observed in populations--some of them inevitable and some unnecessary and unfair--the author discusses equity in relation to health care, concentrating on issues of access to care, utilization, and quality. Lastly, seven principles for action are outlined, stemming from these concepts, to be borne in mind when designing or implementing policies, so that greater equity in health and health care can be promoted.
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            Inequalities in access to medical care by income in developed countries.

            Most of the member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) aim to ensure equitable access to health care. This is often interpreted as requiring that care be available on the basis of need and not willingness or ability to pay. We sought to examine equity in physician utilization in 21 OECD countries for the year 2000. Using data from national surveys or from the European Community Household Panel, we extracted the number of visits to a general practitioner or medical specialist over the previous 12 months. Visits were standardized for need differences using age, sex and reported health levels as proxies. We measured inequity in doctor utilization by income using concentration indices of the need-standardized use. We found inequity in physician utilization favouring patients who are better off in about half of the OECD countries studied. The degree of pro-rich inequity in doctor use is highest in the United States and Mexico, followed by Finland, Portugal and Sweden. In most countries, we found no evidence of inequity in the distribution of general practitioner visits across income groups, and where it does occur, it often indicates a pro-poor distribution. However, in all countries for which data are available, after controlling for need differences, people with higher incomes are significantly more likely to see a specialist than people with lower incomes and, in most countries, also more frequently. Pro-rich inequity is especially large in Portugal, Finland and Ireland. Although in most OECD countries general practitioner care is distributed fairly equally and is often even pro-poor, the very pro-rich distribution of specialist care tends to make total doctor utilization somewhat pro-rich. This phenomenon appears to be universal, but it is reinforced when private insurance or private care options are offered.
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              Primary Care: Balancing Health Needs, Services, and Technology

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                mouimet@santepub-mtl.qc.ca
                rpineaul@santepub-mtl.qc.ca
                aprudhom@santepub-mtl.qc.ca
                sprovost@santepub-mtl.qc.ca
                mfournie@santepub-mtl.qc.ca
                jflevesque@hotmail.com
                Journal
                Int J Equity Health
                Int J Equity Health
                International Journal for Equity in Health
                BioMed Central (London )
                1475-9276
                30 November 2015
                30 November 2015
                2015
                : 14
                : 139
                Affiliations
                [ ]Direction de la santé publique du CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, 1301 Sherbrooke est, Montréal, Québec H2L 1M3 Canada
                [ ]Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity, University of New South Wales, Chatswood, New South Wales Australia
                [ ]Bureau of health information, Level 11, Sage Building, 67 Albert Avenue, Chatswood, New South Wales 2067 Australia
                Article
                243
                10.1186/s12939-015-0243-2
                4663731
                26616346
                8d1c6a6e-7b30-4eb7-947c-435c5fc17a5c
                © Ouimet et al. 2015

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 13 February 2015
                : 12 October 2015
                Categories
                Research
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2015

                Health & Social care
                equity,primary care,primary healthcare,utilization of services,health disparities,healthcare reform,primary healthcare organization,family practice

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