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      Scholarly sports: Influence of social science academe on sports rules and policy

      1 , 2 , 3
      Journal of the Operational Research Society
      Informa UK Limited

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          Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a National Football League player.

          We present the results of the autopsy of a retired professional football player that revealed neuropathological changes consistent with long-term repetitive concussive brain injury. This case draws attention to the need for further studies in the cohort of retired National Football League players to elucidate the neuropathological sequelae of repeated mild traumatic brain injury in professional football. The patient's premortem medical history included symptoms of cognitive impairment, a mood disorder, and parkinsonian symptoms. There was no family history of Alzheimer's disease or any other head trauma outside football. A complete autopsy with a comprehensive neuropathological examination was performed on the retired National Football League player approximately 12 years after retirement. He died suddenly as a result of coronary atherosclerotic disease. Studies included determination of apolipoprotein E genotype. Autopsy confirmed the presence of coronary atherosclerotic disease with dilated cardiomyopathy. The brain demonstrated no cortical atrophy, cortical contusion, hemorrhage, or infarcts. The substantia nigra revealed mild pallor with mild dropout of pigmented neurons. There was mild neuronal dropout in the frontal, parietal, and temporal neocortex. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy was evident with many diffuse amyloid plaques as well as sparse neurofibrillary tangles and tau-positive neuritic threads in neocortical areas. There were no neurofibrillary tangles or neuropil threads in the hippocampus or entorhinal cortex. Lewy bodies were absent. The apolipoprotein E genotype was E3/E3. This case highlights potential long-term neurodegenerative outcomes in retired professional National Football League players subjected to repeated mild traumatic brain injury. The prevalence and pathoetiological mechanisms of these possible adverse long-term outcomes and their relation to duration of years of playing football have not been sufficiently studied. We recommend comprehensive clinical and forensic approaches to understand and further elucidate this emergent professional sport hazard.
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            Psychological Pressure in Competitive Environments: Evidence from a Randomized Natural Experiment

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              When sports rules go awry

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                (View ORCID Profile)
                (View ORCID Profile)
                Journal
                Journal of the Operational Research Society
                Journal of the Operational Research Society
                Informa UK Limited
                0160-5682
                1476-9360
                December 02 2022
                November 30 2021
                December 02 2022
                : 73
                : 12
                : 2591-2601
                Affiliations
                [1 ]University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
                [2 ]University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
                [3 ]University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
                Article
                10.1080/01605682.2021.2000896
                8d1d595a-41fb-485b-b4c1-ffde1027bb09
                © 2022
                History

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