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      Enfermedad renal crónica asociada a la exposición a metales pesados y productos agroquímicos en Latinoamérica Translated title: Chronic kidney disease associated with heavy metal exposure and agrochemicals in Latin America

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción: La Organización Panamericana de la Salud reconoce a la Enfermedad Renal Crónica de Causas No Tradicionales como una forma grave de insuficiencia renal de etiología incierta, la cual ha alcanzado proporciones epidémicas en las comunidades y saturación de los sistemas de salud. La enfermedad se ha relacionado con infecciones, deshidratación, hiperuricemia, exposición a agroquímicos o metales pesados y susceptibilidad genética. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión integradora sobre la relación entre la enfermedad renal de causa no tradicional con factores sociodemográficos, exposición agrícola y metales pesados en población latinoamericana. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática integradora bajo la guía PRISMA en las bases de datos Medigraphic, BioMed Central, Wiley Online Library, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PubMed y Scopus. Con las palabras claves: enfermedad renal, nefritis, metales pesados, agroquímicos, factor de riesgo. Se incluyeron 39 estudios después de evaluar la calidad metodológica de los mismos. Resultados: El 35,89% de los estudios incluídos tuvo una rigurosidad científica alta. Referente a las causas, se encontró que la exposición a agroquímicos fue la causa de mayor frecuencia en el padecimiento de esta enfermedad. Conclusión: Los metales pesados y agroquímicos han demostrado influir en el desarrollo de la Enfermedad Renal Crónica de causas no tradicionales, no obstante, la mayoría de los resultados de los artículos incluidos no tienen resultados generalizables ni estadísticamente significativos. Los factores sociodemográficos han sido poco estudiados y se requiere de mayor investigación con rigurosidad científica sobre esta variable.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction: The Pan American Health Organization recognizes Chronic Kidney Disease of Nontraditional Causes as a serious form of kidney failure of uncertain etiology, which has reached devastating epidemic proportions in communities and saturation of health systems. Hypotheses related to infections, dehydration, global warming, hyperuricemia, exposure to agrochemicals or heavy metals and genetic susceptibility are mentioned, however, these hypotheses have not been conclusive. Objective: To carry out a systematic review on the relationship between non-traditional kidney disease and sociodemographic factors, agricultural exposure or heavy metals in the Latin American population. Methodology: An integrative systematic review was carried out under the PRISMA guide in the Medigraphic, BioMed Central, Wiley Online Library, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PubMed and Scopus databases. With the keywords: kidney disease, nephritis, heavy metals, agrochemicals, risk factor. Of which 39 studies were included after evaluating their methodological quality. Results: it was found that 35.89% of the included studies had a high scientific rigor. Regarding the causes, it was found that exposure to agrochemicals was the most frequent cause of this disease. Conclusion: Heavy metals and agrochemicals have been shown to influence the development of Chronic Kidney Disease of Nontraditional Causes, however, most of the results are not generals and doesn´t demonstrate a statistically significant relationship. Sociodemographic factors have been little studied and more rigorous scientific research on this variable is required.

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          Most cited references41

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          Toxicodynamics of Lead, Cadmium, Mercury and Arsenic- induced kidney toxicity and treatment strategy: A mini review

          Highlights • Oxidative Stress is the key mechanism involved in Lead, Mercury, Cadmium and Arsenic-induced kidney toxicity. • Proteinuria is common to all heavy metals as manifestation of kidney damage. • Chelation therapy is recommended based on the dose size of heavy metals, though fatal drawbacks limit their success. • Possible effectiveness of plants and plants derived compound against heavy metals is due to their antioxidant activity. • Other possible effectiveness of plant includes protecting integrity of mitochondria, Ca2+ homeostasis and apoptosis regulation.
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            Pesticide exposures and chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology: an epidemiologic review

            The main causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) globally are diabetes and hypertension but epidemics of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) occur in Central America, Sri Lanka, India and beyond. Althoug also being observed in women, CKDu concentrates among men in agricultural sectors. Therefore, suspicions fell initially on pesticide exposure, but currently chronic heat stress and dehydration are considered key etiologic factors. Responding to persistent community and scientific concerns about the role of pesticides, we performed a systematic review of epidemiologic studies that addressed associations between any indicator of pesticide exposure and any outcome measure of CKD. Of the 21 analytical studies we identified, seven were categorized as with low, ten with medium and four with relatively high explanation value. Thirteen (62%) studies reported one or more positive associations, but four had a low explanation value and three presented equivocal results. The main limitations of both positive and negative studies were unspecific and unquantified exposure measurement (‘pesticides’), the cross-sectional nature of most studies, confounding and selection bias. The four studies with stronger designs and better exposure assessment (from Sri Lanka, India and USA) all showed exposure-responses or clear associations, but for different pesticides in each study, and three of these studies were conducted in areas without CKDu epidemics. No study investigated interactions between pesticides and other concommittant exposures in agricultural occupations, in particular heat stress and dehydration. In conclusion, existing studies provide scarce evidence for an association between pesticides and regional CKDu epidemics but, given the poor pesticide exposure assessment in the majority, a role of nephrotoxic agrochemicals cannot be conclusively discarded. Future research should procure assessment of lifetime exposures to relevant specific pesticides and enough power to look into interactions with other major risk factors, in particular heat stress. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12940-017-0254-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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              Lead-related nephrotoxicity: a review of the epidemiologic evidence.

              Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a major global public health concern. Efforts to prevent and/or slow progression of CKD are essential. Lead nephropathy, characterized by chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis, is a well-known risk of chronic, high-level lead exposure. However, in recent years, lead exposure has declined sharply, particularly in developed countries. We reviewed epidemiologic research in general, occupational, and patient populations to assess whether lead, at current exposure levels, still contributes to nephrotoxicity. Other pertinent topics, such as risk in children, genetic susceptibility, and co-exposure to cadmium, are also considered. The data reviewed indicate that lead contributes to nephrotoxicity, even at blood lead levels below 5 microg/dl. This is particularly true in susceptible populations, such as those with hypertension (HTN), diabetes, and/or CKD. Low socioeconomic status is a risk factor for both lead exposure and diseases that increase susceptibility. Future public health risk for lead-related nephrotoxicity may be most significant in those rapidly developing countries where risk factors for CKD, including obesity and secondary HTN and diabetes mellitus, are increasing more rapidly than lead exposure is declining. Global efforts to reduce lead exposure remain important. Research is also needed to determine whether specific therapies, such as chelation, are beneficial in susceptible populations.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                enefro
                Enfermería Nefrológica
                Enferm Nefrol
                Sociedad Española de Enfermería Nefrológica (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                2254-2884
                2255-3517
                June 2023
                : 26
                : 2
                : 120-131
                Affiliations
                [2] orgnameInvestigadora independiente México
                [1] Puebla orgnameUniversidad de las Américas Mexico
                Article
                S2254-28842023000200003 S2254-2884(23)02600200003
                10.37551/s2254-28842023012
                8d5d01f9-f7be-4641-aaf0-c672d426d3f4

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 25 June 2022
                : 25 January 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 45, Pages: 12
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Revisiones

                agrochemicals,factores de riesgo,agroquímicos,metales pesados,nefritis,enfermedad renal,risk factors,heavy metals,nephritis,kidney diseases

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