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      Effects of Hair Metals on Body Weight in Iranian Children Aged 20 to 36 Months

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          Abstract

          Background:

          Although the level of exposure to many toxic metals decreased recently, the adverse effects of these metals on children’s growth and development remain a serious public health issue.

          Methods:

          The present study was conducted in three teaching hospitals affiliated with Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Tehran, Iran) from Sep 2012 to Mar 2013. To study the relationship between metals and childhood growth, concentrations of zinc and several potentially toxic metals (lead, cadmium, antimony, cobalt, and molybdenum) were measured in scalp hair for 174 children, aged 20 to 36 months.

          Results:

          The hair concentrations of cobalt were significantly ( P<0.05) higher in children at the lower percentile of weight than in higher-weight children (0.026 ± 0.04 vs. 0.015 ± 0.01 μg/g, respectively). Hair contents of lead, cobalt, and antimony were significantly higher ( P<0.05) in girls than in boys (8.08 ± 8.7 vs. 4.92 ± 5.6 μg/g for lead, 0.026 ± 0.03 vs. 0.16 ± 0.02 μg/g for cobalt, and 0.188 ± 0.29 vs. 0.102 ± 0.12 μg/g for antimony). There were also significant correlations between lead and other metals in the children’s hair.

          Conclusion:

          Gender may play a significant role in absorption and/or accumulation of metals. It should be considered when we study metal toxicity in children.

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          Most cited references56

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          Glutathione Is a Key Player in Metal-Induced Oxidative Stress Defenses

          Marijke Jozefczak, Tony Remans, Jaco Vangronsveld … (2012)
          Since the industrial revolution, the production, and consequently the emission of metals, has increased exponentially, overwhelming the natural cycles of metals in many ecosystems. Metals display a diverse array of physico-chemical properties such as essential versus non-essential and redox-active versus non-redox-active. In general, all metals can lead to toxicity and oxidative stress when taken up in excessive amounts, imposing a serious threat to the environment and human health. In order to cope with different kinds of metals, plants possess defense strategies in which glutathione (GSH; γ-glu-cys-gly) plays a central role as chelating agent, antioxidant and signaling component. Therefore, this review highlights the role of GSH in: (1) metal homeostasis; (2) antioxidative defense; and (3) signal transduction under metal stress. The diverse functions of GSH originate from the sulfhydryl group in cysteine, enabling GSH to chelate metals and participate in redox cycling.
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            Biomonitorization of cadmium, chromium, manganese, nickel and lead in whole blood, urine, axillary hair and saliva in an occupationally exposed population.

            Ledia Hernandez, Pedro Femia, Itzcoatl A Pla … (2011)
            Heavy metal contamination from occupational origin is a cause for concern because of its potential accumulation in the environment and in living organisms leading to long term toxic effects. This study was aimed to assess Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni and Pb levels in whole blood, urine, axillary hair and saliva from 178 individuals with occupational exposure to heavy metals. Levels of metal compounds were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. We collected information on occupation, lifestyle habits and food intake by questionnaire. Multiple linear regression analyses for metal ion concentration in whole blood, urine, axillary hair and saliva were adjusted for age, gender, smoking and alcohol consumption, lifetime workplace exposure, residence area and food habits. Overall, blood and urine median concentrations found for the five metals analyzed do not exceed biological exposure indexes, so that they are very similar to a non-occupationally exposed population. Toxicokinetic differences may account for the lack of correlations found for metal levels in hair and saliva with those in blood or urine. For those heavy metals showing higher median levels in blood with respect to hair (Cd, Mn and Pb) indicating lesser hair incorporation from blood, the lifetime working experience was inversely correlated with their hair levels. The longer the lifetime working experience in industrial environments, the higher the Mn and Ni concentration in saliva. Axillary hair and saliva may be used as additional and/or alternative samples to blood or urine for biomonitoring hair Mn, and saliva Ni in subjects with occupational exposure. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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              Sex- and age-differences in blood manganese levels in the U.S. general population: national health and nutrition examination survey 2011–2012

              Youssef Oulhote, Donna Mergler, Maryse F. Bouchard (2014)
              Background Manganese is an essential element, but excessive manganese exposure has neurotoxic effects. Objective To examine blood manganese levels in the general population with respect to sex, age, race/ethnicity, pregnancy and menauposal status, as well as levels of trace elements in blood. Methods We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a national survey of U.S. residents (n = 7720 participants, ages 1 to 80 years). General linear models and generalized additive models were used to examine the association between blood manganese concentration and participants’ characterisics, accounting for the complex survey design. Results Blood manganese levels ranged from 1.6 to 62.5 μg/L, with arithmetic means of 10.6 and 9.2 μg/L for women and men, respectively. The following characteristics were significantly associated with higher blood manganese levels: female sex, younger age, Asian origin, and being pregnant. In addition, there were non-linear relationships between blood manganese levels and cadmium, iron, lead, and mercury levels. Conclusion The higher blood manganese levels observed among females suggest sex-related metabolic differences in the regulation of manganese, and elevated levels among pregnant women suggest an important role of manganese in reproduction. The present study supports the need to take into consideration age- and sex-related differences in blood manganese levels, as well as pregnancy status when examining manganese essentiality or toxicity.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Iran J Public Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Iran. J. Public Health
                Journal ID (publisher-id): IJPH
                Journal ID (pmc): IJPH
                Title: Iranian Journal of Public Health
                Publisher: Tehran University of Medical Sciences
                ISSN (Print): 2251-6085
                ISSN (Electronic): 2251-6093
                Publication date (Print): August 2017
                Volume: 46
                Issue: 8
                Pages: 1018-1027
                Affiliations
                [1. ]Maternal, Fetal & Neonatal Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
                [2. ]Dept. of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
                [3. ]Occupational Epidemiology Research Group, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 6-21-6 Nagao, Tama-Ku, Kawasaki, Japan
                Author notes
                [* ] Corresponding Author: Email: mohsen.vigeh@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijph-46-1018
                PMC ID: 5575380
                SO-VID: 8d6e13d0-ea13-4234-8f2e-ae06679f787d
                Copyright © Copyright© Iranian Public Health Association & Tehran University of Medical Sciences
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 11 July 2016
                Date accepted : 10 December 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: metal,children,gender,growth,weight,hair
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: metal, children, gender, growth, weight, hair

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