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      Lessons learned from engaging men in sexual and reproductive health as clients, partners and advocates of change in the Hoima district of Uganda

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          Abstract

          This study examined the impact of a three-year intervention project conducted in the Hoima district of Uganda, which sought to engage men in sexual and reproductive health as clients, equal partners and advocates of change. Structured surveys with 164 self-reported heterosexual men aged 18–54 years were used to assess knowledge and attitudes towards sexual and reproductive health. Data from these were analysed using Stata and SPSS. Additionally, five focus groups were conducted with the female partners and male beneficiaries of the project and with project peer educators. Four interviews were conducted with project staff and male beneficiaries. Data from these and the focus groups were analysed using a thematic approach. Following the intervention, a significantly greater number of men accessed, and supported their partners in accessing sexual health services services, had gained sexual and reproductive health awareness, reported sharing domestic duties and contraceptive decision-making, and displayed a decreased tolerance for domestic violence. It was more difficult to assess men's involvement and behaviours as advocates of change, which sheds light on the complexities of a gender transformative project and the importance of evaluating such projects from both men's and their partners' perspectives and at different levels of the male involvement model in sexual and reproductive health.

          Translated abstract

          El presente estudio examina la incidencia de un proyecto de intervención implementado en el distrito de Hoima en Uganda, cuyo objetivo se orientó a involucrar a los hombres en el ámbito de la salud y los derechos sexuales y reproductivos, en tanto clientes, socios iguales y partidarios del cambio. Con este objetivo, se aplicaron encuestas estructuradas a fin de valorar el conocimiento y las actitudes de los hombres en relación a la salud y a los derechos sexuales y reproductivos. Los datos, procedentes de 164 hombres que se autorreportaron como heterosexuales, cuyas edades oscilan entre 18 y 54 años, se analizaron de forma cuantitativa mediante el uso de Stata y de spss. Asimismo, se conformaron cinco grupos de enfoque integrados por sus parejas mujeres, por los hombres beneficiarios del proyecto y por los educadores pares participantes en el proyecto. Además, se realizaron cuatro entrevistas con el personal del proyecto y con los hombres beneficiarios. A partir de la intervención y como resultado del proyecto se constató que un número más elevado de hombres accedió a los servicios de salud sexual y apoyó a sus parejas en el mismo empeño, elevó su nivel de conciencia sobre la salud sexual y reproductiva, manifestando compartir tanto las labores de la casa como las decisiones respecto al uso de anticonceptivos y mostrando menos tolerancia hacia la violencia doméstica. Sin embargo, fue más difícil valorar las actitudes de los hombres como partidarios del cambio, lo cual pone de manifiesto las complejidades inherentes a un proyecto de transformación de género y las ventajas que implica la evaluación de proyectos semejantes tanto desde la perspectiva del hombre como desde la de su pareja.

          Translated abstract

          Cette étude a examiné l'impact d'une intervention de trois ans dans le district de Hoima en Ouganda, dont l'objectif était de faire participer les hommes à la santé et aux droits sexuels et reproductifs en tant qu'usagers, partenaires égaux et partisans du changement. Des enquêtes structurées ont été utilisées pour évaluer les connaissances et les attitudes concernant la santé et les droits sexuels et reproductifs. Les données proviennent de questionnaires auxquels 164 hommes s'identifiant comme hétérosexuels et âgés de 18 à 54 ans ont répondu. L'analyse quantitative a été effectuée avec les logiciels STATA et SPSS. Cinq groupes de discussion thématique ont été conduits avec les bénéficiaires masculins du programme, des partenaires féminines et des pairs éducateurs impliqués dans le projet. Quatre entretiens ont été conduits avec des membres du personnel et des bénéficiaires masculins. Les données de ces entretiens et des groupes de discussion ont été analysées dans une approche thématique. Suite à l'intervention, le nombre d'hommes accédant – et aidant leurs partenaires à accéder – aux services de santé sexuelle, sensibilisés à la santé sexuelle et reproductive, déclarant participer aux tâches domestiques et aux décisions concernant la contraception et se montrant moins tolérants vis-à-vis de la violence domestique a considérablement augmenté. L'évaluation des attitudes des hommes en tant que partisans du changement s'est révélée plus complexe. Cette difficulté met en lumière les défis inhérents à un projet de transformation des genres et la valeur d'une évaluation de tels projets basée sur les points de vue des hommes et de leurs partenaires.

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          Most cited references27

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          From Hegemonic Masculinity to the Hegemony of Men

          Jeff Hearn (2004)
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            Evaluating men's involvement as a strategy in sexual and reproductive health promotion.

            Nearly 10 years has passed since the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development recognized men as legitimate targets for sexual and reproductive health promotion. This recognition was born of the experience of many health promoting agencies in the 1980s and 1990s who realized that without working with men, change would be very difficult or impossible. It was proposed that men should be involved because their active participation was crucial to the success of programs and to the empowerment of women. However, the idea that men should play an active role in health promotion has not been without its critics, who have posed serious questions about the efficacy of involving men and the effects their involvement would have on women and children. In an effort to examine the lessons learned from men's involvement, this paper reviews published evaluations of interventions that have targeted heterosexual men. Twenty-four studies that met the criteria for inclusion (reported on interventions in areas of sexual and reproductive health that targeted heterosexual men and contained evaluation data) were found. From their review of these studies, the authors suggest that there is some evidence that the use of media approaches may be a successful strategy and that there may be some problems with the application of some cognitive behavior change approaches. However, the fact that few interventions have targeted heterosexual men and have been the subject for detailed evaluation suggests that there is a need for more interventions and better evaluations, which would examine not only the process of men's involvement, but also their impact on the lives of both the men themselves and their families. The reality is that although perhaps no longer regarded as part of the problem, men have yet to be seen as part of the solution.
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              A systematic review of published evidence on intervention impact on condom use in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia.

              There has been much debate about the value of condoms in HIV/STI programming. This should be informed by evidence about intervention impact on condom use, but there is limited compiled literature. This review aims to quantify intervention impact on condom use in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, in different types of partnership. A systematic review was conducted of papers published between 1998 and 2006 presenting evaluations of interventions involving condom promotion in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Data on reported postintervention levels of condom use, and various measures of changes in condom use, by partnership type, were compiled. A total of 1374 abstracts were identified. Sixty-two met the inclusion criteria (42 reporting significant increases in condom use): 44 from sub-Saharan Africa and 18 from Asia. Many (19) reported on condom use in commercial sex (15 significant), six on use with casual partners (three significant), 11 on use in marital/steady partnerships (nine significant), 14 on use by youths (eight significant) and 20 combined partnership types (11 significant). There is substantial evidence of interventions targeted at sex workers and clients achieving large increases in condom use. Far less evidence exists of intervention impact on condom use in casual relationships. In primary partnerships, postintervention condom use was low unless one partner was knowingly HIV-infected or at high-risk, or avoiding pregnancy. Evaluations of interventions targeting youths recorded limited increases in condom use. The findings illustrate the range of evidence about postintervention condom use in different partnerships, and how patterns of use are influenced by partnership type and perceptions of risk. Where possible, intervention studies should also assess biological endpoints, since prevention of infection is the measure of most interest in the evaluation of condom promotion interventions.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Cult Health Sex
                Cult Health Sex
                TCHS
                tchs20
                Culture, Health & Sexuality
                Taylor & Francis
                1369-1058
                1464-5351
                16 October 2015
                8 May 2015
                : 17
                : sup2 , Beyond Working with Men and Boys
                : 190-205
                Affiliations
                [ a ]Women's Health Research Unit, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
                [ b ]Sonke Gender Justice , Cape Town, South Africa
                [ c ]Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. Email: erin.a.stern@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                1027878
                10.1080/13691058.2015.1027878
                4706030
                25953243
                8d71e032-fc27-41cb-bd13-7fd95fd0062a
                © 2015 The Author(s). Published by Taylor & Francis

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way.

                History
                : 21 October 2014
                : 7 March 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 35, Pages: 16
                Funding
                This work was supported by the Swedish Association for Sexuality Education (RFSU).
                Categories
                Article
                Articles

                Sexual medicine
                hiv prevention,masculinities,sexual and reproductive health,south africa,gender transformative programmes

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