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      The Anatomical Relationships of the Tongue with the Body System

      review-article
      Author(s): 1 , , 2 , 3 , 4 , 3
      Editor(s): ,
      Publication date (Electronic, pub):
      Publication date (Electronic, collection):
      Journal: Cureus
      Publisher: Cureus
      Keywords: tongue, diaphragm, speech therapy, osteopathic, physiotherapy, fascia

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          Abstract

          The tongue plays a fundamental role in several body functions such as swallowing, breathing, speaking, and chewing. Its action is not confined to the oral cavity, but it affects lower limb muscle strength and posture. The tongue is an organ that has an autocrine/paracrine mechanism of action to synthesize different substances to interact with the whole body; according to a line of thought, it is also an extension of the enteric system. The aim of this study was to review the functions of the tongue and its anatomical association with the body system. According to the authors' knowledge, this is the first scientific article focusing on the tongue in a systemic context. In a clinical evaluation, connections with the tongue should be considered to optimize the clinical examination of the tongue and therefore enhance rehabilitation programs and therapeutic results.

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          The neurobiology of emotion regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder: Amygdala downregulation via real-time fMRI neurofeedback.

          Andrew A. Nicholson, Daniela Rabellino, Maria Densmore … (2016)
          Amygdala dysregulation has been shown to be central to the pathophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) representing a critical treatment target. Here, amygdala downregulation was targeted using real-time fMRI neurofeedback (rt-fMRI-nf) in patients with PTSD, allowing us to examine further the regulation of emotional states during symptom provocation. Patients (n = 10) completed three sessions of rt-fMRI-nf with the instruction to downregulate activation in the amygdala, while viewing personalized trauma words. Amygdala downregulation was assessed by contrasting (a) regulate trials, with (b) viewing trauma words and not attempting to regulate. Training was followed by one transfer run not involving neurofeedback. Generalized psychophysiological interaction (gPPI) and dynamic causal modeling (DCM) analyses were also computed to explore task-based functional connectivity and causal structure, respectively. It was found that PTSD patients were able to successfully downregulate both right and left amygdala activation, showing sustained effects within the transfer run. Increased activation in the dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), regions related to emotion regulation, was observed during regulate as compared with view conditions. Importantly, activation in the PFC, rostral anterior cingulate cortex, and the insula, were negatively correlated to PTSD dissociative symptoms in the transfer run. Increased functional connectivity between the amygdala- and both the dorsolateral and dorsomedial PFC was found during regulate, as compared with view conditions during neurofeedback training. Finally, our DCM analysis exploring directional structure suggested that amygdala downregulation involves both top-down and bottom-up information flow with regard to observed PFC-amygdala connectivity. This is the first demonstration of successful downregulation of the amygdala using rt-fMRI-nf in PTSD, which was critically sustained in a subsequent transfer run without neurofeedback, and corresponded to increased connectivity with prefrontal regions involved in emotion regulation during the intervention. Hum Brain Mapp 38:541-560, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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            Anatomic connections of the diaphragm: influence of respiration on the body system

            Bruno Bordoni, Emiliano Zanier (2013)
            The article explains the scientific reasons for the diaphragm muscle being an important crossroads for information involving the entire body. The diaphragm muscle extends from the trigeminal system to the pelvic floor, passing from the thoracic diaphragm to the floor of the mouth. Like many structures in the human body, the diaphragm muscle has more than one function, and has links throughout the body, and provides the network necessary for breathing. To assess and treat this muscle effectively, it is necessary to be aware of its anatomic, fascial, and neurologic complexity in the control of breathing. The patient is never a symptom localized, but a system that adapts to a corporeal dysfunction.
            Article 0 comments Cited 52 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Autocrine and paracrine roles for ATP and serotonin in mouse taste buds.

              Y. Huang, C Roper, Robin Dando (2009)
              Receptor (type II) taste bud cells secrete ATP during taste stimulation. In turn, ATP activates adjacent presynaptic (type III) cells to release serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE). The roles of these neurotransmitters in taste buds have not been fully elucidated. Here we tested whether ATP or 5-HT exert feedback onto receptor (type II) cells during taste stimulation. Our previous studies showed NE does not appear to act on adjacent taste bud cells, or at least on receptor cells. Our data show that 5-HT released from presynaptic (type III) cells provides negative paracrine feedback onto receptor cells by activating 5-HT(1A) receptors, inhibiting taste-evoked Ca(2+) mobilization in receptor cells, and reducing ATP secretion. The findings also demonstrate that ATP exerts positive autocrine feedback onto receptor (type II) cells by activating P2Y1 receptors and enhancing ATP secretion. These results begin to sort out how purinergic and aminergic transmitters function within the taste bud to modulate gustatory signaling in these peripheral sensory organs.
              Article 0 comments Cited 39 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Cureus
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Cureus
                Journal ID (issn): 2168-8184
                Title: Cureus
                Publisher: Cureus (Palo Alto (CA) )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2168-8184
                Publication date (Electronic, pub): 5 December 2018
                Publication date (Electronic, collection): December 2018
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 12
                Electronic Location Identifier: e3695
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Cardiology, Foundation Don Carlo Gnocchi / Institute of Hospitalization and Care, Milan, ITA
                [2 ] Osteopathy, School of Osteopathic Centre for Research and Studies, Milan, ITA
                [3 ] Cardiology, Foundation Don Carlo Gnocchi/institute of Hospitalization and Care, Milan, ITA
                [4 ] Osteopathy, School of French-Italian Osteopathy, Pisa, ITA
                Author notes
                Article
                DOI: 10.7759/cureus.3695
                PMC ID: 6390887
                SO-VID: 8d734fb4-d3b8-4069-b9bb-d7ae343d7d89
                Copyright © Copyright © 2018, Bordoni et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 27 November 2018
                Date accepted : 5 December 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Medical Education
                Subject: Miscellaneous
                Subject: Anatomy

                Keywords: tongue,diaphragm,speech therapy,osteopathic,physiotherapy,fascia
                Data availability:
                Keywords: tongue, diaphragm, speech therapy, osteopathic, physiotherapy, fascia

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