Prevalence of obesity and overweight in adults and children in Iran; a systematic review

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Abstract

Background

Obesity is one of the most important underlying risk factors for chronic disease. Dramatically increasing and following complication of obesity should be alerted to health politicians and practitioners to prevent associated health risks. This review aimed to give a better insight into the prevalence of obesity and overweight in different areas of Iran.

Method

All published internal (SID, Irandoc, Iranmedex), and international (Web of Knowledge, Pubmed, Scopus) source studies, reported the prevalence of overweight/obesity among normal population samples, during Jan 2005 through Jan 2014, were assessed in this review. Paper selection processes were done by two researchers separately. Studies which met the eligible criteria were included in this review.

Result

One hundred ninety three eligible studies enter into our review. Of 193 final selected studies, 86 (15 national, 71 sub national) of them were reported the prevalence of obesity/overweight in adult, and 107 studies (11 national, 96 sub national) in under-18 by individual. The range of overweight and obesity prevalence in national studies in adult, was 27.0-38.5 (95% CI: 26.8-27.1, 37.2-39.8), and 12.6-25.9 (95% CI: 12.2-13.0, 24.9-26.8), separately. In under-18 the range of overweight and obesity prevalence in national studies were 5.0-13.5 (95% CI: 4.5-5.5, 13.4-13.6), and 3.2-11.9 (95% CI: 3.0-3.4, 11.3-12.4).

Conclusion

Obesity as an important public health problem has been discussed in recent few decades worldwide. Although the national reported prevalence of obesity in Iran was not considerably diverse, but remarkable differences were seen in the sub national prevalence which must be noticed more in political health programs especially among women and children.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40200-014-0121-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Most cited references 320

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Overweight and Obesity in Eastern Mediterranean Region: Prevalence and Possible Causes

Abdulrahman Musaiger (2011)

The objective of this paper was to explore the prevalence of overweight and obesity among various age groups as well as discuss the possible factors that associated with obesity in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR). A systematic review of published papers between 1990 and 2011 was carried out. Obesity reached an alarming level in all age groups of the EMR countries. The prevalence of overweight among preschool children(<5 years) ranged from 1.9% to 21.9%, while the prevalence of overweight and obesity among school children ranged from 7% to 45%. Among adults the prevalence of overweight and obesity ranged from 25% to 81.9%. Possible factors determining obesity in this region include: nutrition transition, inactivity, urbanization, marital status, a shorter duration of breastfeeding, frequent snacking, skipping breakfast, a high intake of sugary beverages, an increase in the incidence of eating outside the home, long periods of time spent viewing television, massive marketing promotion of high fat foods, stunting, perceived body image, cultural elements and food subsidize policy. A national plan of action to overcome obesity is urgently needed to reduce the economic and health burden of obesity in this region.

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Prevalence of general and abdominal obesity in the adult population of Spain, 2008-2010: the ENRICA study.

L Gutierrez, A Graciani, Hugo L. Leon … (2012)

This is the first study to report the prevalence of general obesity and abdominal obesity (AO) in the adult population of Spain based on measurements of weight, height and waist circumference. The data are taken from the ENRICA study, a cross-sectional study carried out between June 2008 and October 2010 in 12,883 individuals representative of the non-institutionalized population on Spain aged 18 years and older. Anthropometry was performed under standardized conditions in the households by trained interviewers. Overweight was considered as body mass index (BMI) 25-29.9 kg m(-2) , and obesity as BMI ≥ 30 kg m(-2) . AO was defined as waist circumference >102 cm in men and >88 cm in women. The prevalence of obesity was 22.9% (24.4% in men and 21.4% in women). About 36% of adults had AO (32% of men and 39% of women). The frequency of obesity and of AO increased with age and affected, respectively, 35 and 62% of persons aged 65 and over. The frequency of obesity and AO decreased with increasing educational level. For example, 29% of women with primary education or less had obesity vs. only 11% of those with university studies. The prevalence of obesity was very high in the Canary Islands and in the south of Spain. © 2011 The Authors. obesity reviews © 2011 International Association for the Study of Obesity.

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First Nationwide Study of the Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome and Optimal Cutoff Points of Waist Circumference in the Middle East

Alireza Delavari, Mohammad Forouzanfar, Siamak Alikhani … (2009)

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to provide the first national estimate on the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its components and the first ethnic-specific cutoff point for waist circumference in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This national survey was conducted in 2007 on 3,024 Iranians aged 25–64 years living in urban and rural areas of all 30 provinces in Iran. The metabolic syndrome was defined by different criteria, namely the definition of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III), the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria, and the modified definition of the NCEP/ATP III (ATP III/American Heart Association [AHA]/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute [NHLBI]). RESULTS The age-standardized prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was about 34.7% (95% CI 33.1–36.2) based on the ATP III criteria, 37.4% (35.9–39.0%) based on the IDF definition, and 41.6% (40.1–43.2%) based on the ATP III/AHA/NHLBI criteria. By all definitions, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was higher in women, in urban areas, and in the 55- to 64-year age-group compared with the prevalence in men, in rural areas, and in other age-groups, respectively. The metabolic syndrome was estimated to affect >11 million Iranians. The optimal cutoff point of waist circumference for predicting at least two other components of the metabolic syndrome as defined by the IDF was 89 cm for men and 91 cm for women. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of the metabolic syndrome with its considerable burden on the middle-aged population mandates the implementation of national policies for its prevention, notably by tackling obesity. The waist circumference cutoff points obtained can be used in the region.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Shahrzad Jafari-Adli: shahrzad_jafari@hotmail.com

Zahra Jouyandeh: zdjuyandeh@yahoo.com

Mostafa Qorbani: mqorbani1379@yahoo.com

Ahmadreza Soroush: soroush1344@gmail.com

Bagher Larijani: Larijani@tums.ac.ir

Shirin Hasani-Ranjbar: shirinhasanir@yahoo.com

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Diabetes Metab Disord

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Diabetes Metab Disord

Title: Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 2251-6581

Publication date (Electronic): 23 December 2014

Publication date PMC-release: 23 December 2014

Publication date Collection: 2014

Volume: 13

Issue: 1

Electronic Location Identifier: 121

Affiliations

[ ]Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

[ ]Department of Community Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran

[ ]Non communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

[ ]Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 5th floor of Shariati Hospital, North Karegar St., P.O Box 1411413137, Tehran, Iran

Article

Publisher ID: 121

DOI: 10.1186/s40200-014-0121-2

PMC ID: 4301060

PubMed ID: 25610814

SO-VID: 8da95773-b319-47d6-9922-3f9f4c5b54e9

License:

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

History

Date received : 24 August 2014

Date accepted : 6 December 2014

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Keywords: obesity,overweight,prevalence,iran,metabolic syndrome

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Keywords: obesity, overweight, prevalence, iran, metabolic syndrome

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Prevalence of obesity and overweight in adults and children in Iran; a systematic review

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Karger: Nutrition and Dietetics

Most cited references 320

Overweight and Obesity in Eastern Mediterranean Region: Prevalence and Possible Causes

Prevalence of general and abdominal obesity in the adult population of Spain, 2008-2010: the ENRICA study.

First Nationwide Study of the Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome and Optimal Cutoff Points of Waist Circumference in the Middle East

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Cited by 69

Most referenced authors 1,387