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      Fenología de la interacción girasol- Homoeosoma electellum Hulst. para el desarrollo de estrategias de control Translated title: Sunflower-Homoeosoma electellum Hulst. interaction phenology towards control strategies development

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN El girasol es una planta anual, poco exigente de fertilizantes, de crecimiento rápido y extraordinaria resistencia a la sequía. Su principal plaga en gran parte de América es Homoeosoma electellum. Todos los daños ocasionados por esta plaga son producidos por su estado larvario, que solo permanece expuesto en la superficie de los capítulos por un corto período. El resto del ciclo larval se desarrolla protegido dentro de los aquenios o en el interior de los tejidos de tallos y capítulos, lo que hace el combate de esta especie extremadamente difícil. Se realizaron experimentos de campo evaluando varios cultivares de girasol, con el objetivo de establecer el momento ideal para realizar tratamientos contra Homoeosoma electellum. Se registró el momento de ocurrencia de los fenoestados de desarrollo críticos a partir de la emergencia. Estos momentos se asociaron a una escala de tiempo cronológico expresada en días y una escala de tiempo termal expresada engrados Celsius día de temperatura efectiva. Esto permite generalizar los resultados a regiones diversas de siembra. Se estableció que las aplicaciones de agentes de control deben hacerse durante el intervalo demarcado por 1.278 y 1.581 grados Celsius día. A partir de estos resultados es posible estimar los momentos críticos de infestación por Homoeosoma electellum para diferentes cultivares de girasol, con solo conocer cuándo ocurre su madurez fisiológica. De modo general el intervalo crítico para el combate de Homoeosoma electellum podría estimarse para cualquier cultivar de girasol a partir del 65% hasta el 84% de la duración del ciclo, desde la brotación hasta alcanzar la madurez fisiológica. Los momentos fenológicos de la interacción girasol- Homoeosoma electellum establecidos permiten diseñar estrategias de combate efectivas y ecológicamente sostenibles.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Sunflower is an annual plant, not very demanding of fertilizers, fast growing and extraordinary resistance to drought. Its main pest in much of America is Homoeosoma electellum. This pest causes damage only during the larval stage. Larvae exposition on the surface of capitula is a quite short period. The rest of the larval cycle develops protected within the seeds, stems and capitula tissues. Hence control this species is extremely difficult. Field experiments on several sunflower cultivars were completed in order to establish a perfect timing to control Homoeosoma electellum. The time of occurrence of crucial phenological stages were registered from budding. These moments were adjusted to a thermal time scale expressed in Celsius degree day of effective temperature. This model allows applying the inferences to different harvest regions. Control agents applications must be carried out during the interval from 1,278 to 1,581 Celsius degree day. On this model might be possible to estimate the critic moments of Homoeosoma electellum infestation for others sunflower cultivars just knowing the moment of its physiological maturity. As a rule, a critical interval to control Homoeosoma electellum can be estimated between 65% and 84% of the cultivar cycle, from sprouting until reaching the physiological maturity. Establishing sunflower-Homoeosoma electellum interaction phenology allows designing effective and sustainable control strategies.

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          The sunflower genome provides insights into oil metabolism, flowering and Asterid evolution

          The domesticated sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., is a global oil crop that has promise for climate change adaptation, because it can maintain stable yields across a wide variety of environmental conditions, including drought. Even greater resilience is achievable through the mining of resistance alleles from compatible wild sunflower relatives, including numerous extremophile species. Here we report a high-quality reference for the sunflower genome (3.6 gigabases), together with extensive transcriptomic data from vegetative and floral organs. The genome mostly consists of highly similar, related sequences and required single-molecule real-time sequencing technologies for successful assembly. Genome analyses enabled the reconstruction of the evolutionary history of the Asterids, further establishing the existence of a whole-genome triplication at the base of the Asterids II clade and a sunflower-specific whole-genome duplication around 29 million years ago. An integrative approach combining quantitative genetics, expression and diversity data permitted development of comprehensive gene networks for two major breeding traits, flowering time and oil metabolism, and revealed new candidate genes in these networks. We found that the genomic architecture of flowering time has been shaped by the most recent whole-genome duplication, which suggests that ancient paralogues can remain in the same regulatory networks for dozens of millions of years. This genome represents a cornerstone for future research programs aiming to exploit genetic diversity to improve biotic and abiotic stress resistance and oil production, while also considering agricultural constraints and human nutritional needs.
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            Description of Sunflower Growth Stages1

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              Applying Thermal Time Scales to Sunflower Development

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                idesia
                Idesia (Arica)
                Idesia
                Universidad de Tarapacá. Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas (Arica, , Chile )
                0718-3429
                December 2018
                : 36
                : 4
                : 81-86
                Affiliations
                [2] Villa Clara orgnameUniversidad Central Marta Abreu de las Villas orgdiv1Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias Cuba
                [1] Santa Clara Villa Clara orgnameUniversidad Central Marta Abreu de las Villas orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias orgdiv2Departamento de Biología Cuba alanra@ 123456uclv.edu.cu
                Article
                S0718-34292018000400081
                8daa7520-5630-46a0-a362-6bdfcfe286fa

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 26 May 2018
                : 30 October 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 11, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Chile

                Categories
                ARTÍCULOS DE INVESTIGACIÓN

                tiempo termal,crop protection,Helianthus annuus,pest control,sunflower moth,thermal time,polilla del girasol,protección de plantas,control de plagas

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