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      Host–pathogen interactions in bacterial meningitis

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          Abstract

          Bacterial meningitis is a devastating disease occurring worldwide with up to half of the survivors left with permanent neurological sequelae. Due to intrinsic properties of the meningeal pathogens and the host responses they induce, infection can cause relatively specific lesions and clinical syndromes that result from interference with the function of the affected nervous system tissue. Pathogenesis is based on complex host–pathogen interactions, some of which are specific for certain bacteria, whereas others are shared among different pathogens. In this review, we summarize the recent progress made in understanding the molecular and cellular events involved in these interactions. We focus on selected major pathogens, Streptococcus pneumonia, S. agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus), Neisseria meningitidis, and Escherichia coli K1, and also include a neglected zoonotic pathogen, Streptococcus suis. These neuroinvasive pathogens represent common themes of host–pathogen interactions, such as colonization and invasion of mucosal barriers, survival in the blood stream, entry into the central nervous system by translocation of the blood–brain and blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and induction of meningeal inflammation, affecting pia mater, the arachnoid and subarachnoid spaces.

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          Meningococcal disease.

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            Streptococcus suis: an emerging human pathogen.

            Streptococcus suis infection is acquired through exposure to contaminated pigs or pig meat. Over the past few years, the number of reported S. suis infections in humans has increased significantly, with most cases originating in Southeast Asia, where there is a high density of pigs. Increased awareness, improved diagnostics, and the occurrence of outbreaks have contributed to this increase. Meningitis and sepsis are the most common clinical manifestations of S. suis infection; hearing loss is a frequent complication. In this article, we provide an overview of the emergence and clinical manifestations of S. suis infection.
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              Virulence factors involved in the pathogenesis of the infection caused by the swine pathogen and zoonotic agent Streptococcus suis.

              Streptococcus suis is a major swine pathogen responsible for important economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. It is also an emerging zoonotic agent of meningitis and streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome. Since the recent recognition of the high prevalence of S. suis human disease in southeast and east Asia, the interest of the scientific community in this pathogen has significantly increased. In the last few years, as a direct consequence of these intensified research efforts, large amounts of data on putative virulence factors have appeared in the literature. Although the presence of some proposed virulence factors does not necessarily define a S. suis strain as being virulent, several cell-associated or secreted factors are clearly important for the pathogenesis of the S. suis infection. In order to cause disease, S. suis must colonize the host, breach epithelial barriers, reach and survive in the bloodstream, invade different organs, and cause exaggerated inflammation. In this review, we discuss the potential contribution of different described S. suis virulence factors at each step of the pathogenesis of the infection. Finally, we briefly discuss other described virulence factors, virulence factor candidates and virulence markers for which a precise role at specific steps of the pathogenesis of the S. suis infection has not yet been clearly established.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                peter.valentin@tiho-hannover.de
                Journal
                Acta Neuropathol
                Acta Neuropathol
                Acta Neuropathologica
                Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                0001-6322
                1432-0533
                7 January 2016
                7 January 2016
                2016
                : 131
                : 185-209
                Affiliations
                [ ]Department of Biology and Center for Microbial Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA USA
                [ ]Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA USA
                [ ]Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
                [ ]Centre for Infection Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
                [ ]Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
                [ ]Department of Geriatrics, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Goettingen-Weende, Goettingen, Germany
                [ ]Institute for Neuropathology, University Medicine Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
                [ ]Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
                [ ]Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
                Article
                1531
                10.1007/s00401-015-1531-z
                4713723
                26744349
                8db1d0f5-70c5-4270-b526-835142e84148
                © The Author(s) 2016

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                : 10 August 2015
                : 21 December 2015
                : 22 December 2015
                Funding
                Funded by: Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT) of the Ministry of Science and Culture of Lower Saxony, Germany
                Funded by: NIH/NINDS
                Award ID: RO1NS051247
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000002, National Institutes of Health (US);
                Award ID: AI40567
                Award ID: NS73115
                Award ID: HD41525
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Review
                Custom metadata
                © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016

                Neurology
                neuroinfectiology,bacterial meningitis,pneumococci,meningococci,group b streptococcus,streptococcus suis,escherichia coli k1

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