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      Field detection and predicted evolution of spinosad resistance in Ceratitis capitata

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          Abstract

          BACKGROUND

          The sustainable control of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), is compromised by the development of resistance to malathion and lambda‐cyhalothrin in Spanish field populations. At present, field populations remain susceptible to spinosad. However, the resistant strain JW‐100s has been obtained under laboratory selection with spinosad, and resistance has been associated with the presence of different mutations causing truncated transcripts of the α6 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChRα6).

          RESULTS

          An F1 screen assay followed by the molecular characterization of surviving flies has been used to search for spinosad‐resistant alleles in field populations. Two different resistant alleles giving rise to truncated isoforms of Ccα6 have been identified, which corresponds to an estimated allelic frequency of at least 0.0023–0.0046. The fitness values of the resistant nAChRα6 alleles found in the laboratory strain JW‐100s were estimated to be 0.4 for RR and 0.2 for SR. Mathematical modelling predicted that spinosad‐resistant alleles will rapidly decline over time in field populations if their fitness cost was the same as estimated for laboratory‐resistant alleles. However, they are predicted to increase in the field if their fitness cost is lower and resistance management strategies are not implemented.

          CONCLUSION

          Spinosad‐resistant alleles have been detected in field populations for the first time. Our modelling simulations indicate that the best option to delay the appearance of spinosad resistance would be its rotation with other insecticides without cross‐resistance. The integrated F1 screen/molecular genetic analysis presented here can be used for future monitoring studies. © 2020 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

          Abstract

          Spinosad‐resistant alleles have been found in field populations of Ceratitis capitata for the first time. Evolutionary modelling predicted that resistance management strategies will delay the evolution of resistance.

          © 2020 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

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          Most cited references28

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          IRAC: Mode of action classification and insecticide resistance management.

          Insecticide resistance is a long standing and expanding problem for pest arthropod control. Effective insecticide resistance management (IRM) is essential if the utility of current and future insecticides is to be preserved. Established in 1984, the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) is an international association of crop protection companies. IRAC serves as the Specialist Technical Group within CropLife International focused on ensuring the long term efficacy of insect, mite and tick control products through effective resistance management for sustainable agriculture and improved public health. A key function of IRAC is the continued development of the Mode of Action (MoA) classification scheme, which provides up-to-date information on the modes of action of new and established insecticides and acaricides and which serves as the basis for developing appropriate IRM strategies for crop protection and vector control. The IRAC MoA classification scheme covers more than 25 different modes of action and at least 55 different chemical classes. Diversity is the spice of resistance management by chemical means and thus it provides an approach to IRM providing a straightforward means to identify potential rotation/alternation options.
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            Extensive diversity in the allelic frequency of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface proteins and glutamate-rich protein in rural and urban settings of southwestern Nigeria

            Background Nigeria carries a high burden of malaria which makes continuous surveillance for current information on genetic diversity imperative. In this study, the merozoite surface proteins (msp-1, msp-2) and glutamate-rich protein (glurp) of Plasmodium falciparum collected from two communities representing rural and urban settings in Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria were analysed. Methods A total of 511 febrile children, aged 3–59 months, whose parents/guardians provided informed consent, were recruited into the study. Capillary blood was obtained for malaria rapid diagnostic test, thick blood smears for parasite count and blood spots on filter paper for molecular analysis. Results Three-hundred and nine samples were successfully genotyped for msp-1, msp-2 and glurp genes. The allelic distribution of the three genes was not significantly different in the rural and urban communities. R033 and 3D7 were the most prevalent alleles in both rural and urban communities for msp-1 and msp-2, respectively. Eleven of glurp RII region genotypes, coded I–XII, with sizes ranging from 500 to 1100 base pairs were detected in the rural setting. Genotype XI (1000–1050 bp) had the highest prevalence of 41.5 and 38.5% in rural and urban settings, respectively. Overall, 82.1 and 70.0% of samples had multiclonal infection with msp-1 gene resulting in a mean multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 2.8 and 2.6 for rural and urban samples, respectively. Msp-1 and msp-2 genes displayed higher levels of diversity and higher MOI rates than the glurp gene. Conclusion Significant genetic diversity was observed between rural and urban parasite populations in Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria. The results of this study show that malaria transmission intensity in these regions is still high. No significant difference was observed between rural and urban settings, except for a completely different msp-1 allele, compared to previous reports, thereby confirming the changing face of malaria transmission in these communities. This study provides important baseline information required for monitoring the impact of malaria elimination efforts in this region and data points useful in revising current protocols.
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              Identification, Validation, and Application of Molecular Diagnostics for Insecticide Resistance in Malaria Vectors.

              Insecticide resistance is a major obstacle to control of Anopheles malaria mosquitoes in sub-Saharan Africa and requires an improved understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Efforts to discover resistance genes and DNA markers have been dominated by candidate gene and quantitative trait locus studies of laboratory strains, but with greater availability of genome sequences a shift toward field-based agnostic discovery is anticipated. Mechanisms evolve continually to produce elevated resistance yielding multiplicative diagnostic markers, co-screening of which can give high predictive value. With a shift toward prospective analyses, identification and screening of resistance marker panels will boost monitoring and programmatic decision making.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                ortego@cib.csic.es
                Journal
                Pest Manag Sci
                Pest Manag Sci
                10.1002/(ISSN)1526-4998
                PS
                Pest Management Science
                John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Chichester, UK )
                1526-498X
                1526-4998
                04 June 2020
                November 2020
                : 76
                : 11 ( doiID: 10.1002/ps.v76.11 )
                : 3702-3710
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margaritas Salas Madrid Spain
                [ 2 ] Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margaritas Salas Madrid Spain
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence to: F Ortego, Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margaritas Salas, Madrid, Spain.

                E‐mail: ortego@ 123456cib.csic.es .

                Present Address: Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-8508
                Article
                PS5919
                10.1002/ps.5919
                7587006
                32431017
                8dbc1d8d-650f-44e9-b792-249e276272b3
                © 2020 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 18 February 2020
                : 13 May 2020
                : 19 May 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 3, Pages: 9, Words: 7274
                Funding
                Funded by: Spanish MINECO
                Award ID: AGL2016‐76516‐R
                Award ID: BES‐C‐2014‐068937
                Categories
                Research Article
                Research Articles
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                November 2020
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.9.3 mode:remove_FC converted:26.10.2020

                Pests, Diseases & Weeds
                medfly,insecticide,nachr,evolutionary model,resistance management
                Pests, Diseases & Weeds
                medfly, insecticide, nachr, evolutionary model, resistance management

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