Individualizando la Violencia Escolar: Análisis de Prácticas Discursivas en una Escuela Municipal de la Región de Valparaíso Translated title: Individualizing School Violence: Analysis of Discursive Practices in a Public School in the Region of Valparaíso

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Abstract

Este estudio indagó las prácticas discursivas que sustentan la alta percepción de violencia escolar en escuelas municipalizadas de Chile. Se realizó un estudio de caso en una escuela básica municipal de nivel socioeconómico medio-bajo de la Región de Valparaíso. Participaron estudiantes de 7° básico, sus profesores, apoderados, directivos, asistentes de la educación, auxiliares y otros informantes clave. Las técnicas de recolección de información fueron entrevistas en profundidad, observaciones no participantes y análisis de documentos. El análisis del discurso mostró formas de acción social orientadas a individualizar la violencia escolar, invisibilizar el rol de la escuela y externalizar las atribuciones de responsabilidad, desde el rol docente al equipo multidisciplinario, a través de la derivación interna de "niños-problema". Estas prácticas se retroalimentan para formar un ciclo de exclusión escolar que resta a los estudiantes oportunidades de participación en los espacios de aprendizaje al interior de la escuela.

Translated abstract

This study investigated the discursive practices that sustain the high perception of school violence in Chilean public schools. A case study was performed in an elementary municipal school of medium-low socioeconomic status of the Region of Valparaíso. Participants were 7th grade students, their teachers, parents, school leaders, and support staff. Interviews, non participatory observations, and document analysis were used. Discourse analyses showed forms of social action orientated towards individualizing school violence, making the role of the school invisible, and externalizing the attributions of responsibility, from teachers to the multidisciplinary team, through internal referral of "difficult children". These practices are mutually complementary and form a cycle of school exclusion that reduces students' opportunities to participate in learning spaces within the school.

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The Discovery of Grounded Theory

Barney G. Glaser, Anselm L. Strauss (1967)

Most writing on sociological method has been concerned with how accurate facts can be obtained and how theory can thereby be more rigorously tested. In The Discovery of Grounded Theory, Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss address the equally Important enterprise of how the discovery of theory from data--systematically obtained and analyzed in social research--can be furthered. The discovery of theory from data--grounded theory--is a major task confronting sociology, for such a theory fits empirical situations, and is understandable to sociologists and laymen alike. Most important, it provides relevant predictions, explanations, interpretations, and applications.In Part I of the book, Generation Theory by Comparative Analysis, the authors present a strategy whereby sociologists can facilitate the discovery of grounded theory, both substantive and formal. This strategy involves the systematic choice and study of several comparison groups. In Part II, The Flexible Use of Data, the generation of theory from qualitative, especially documentary, and quantitative data Is considered. In Part III, Implications of Grounded Theory, Glaser and Strauss examine the credibility of grounded theory.The Discovery of Grounded Theory is directed toward improving social scientists' capacity for generating theory that will be relevant to their research. While aimed primarily at sociologists, it will be useful to anyone Interested In studying social phenomena--political, educational, economic, industrial-- especially If their studies are based on qualitative data.