29
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Compulsory service programmes for recruiting health workers in remote and rural areas: do they work? Translated title: Programmes de service obligatoire pour recruter du personnel médical dans les zones rurales et reculées: quels résultats ? Translated title: ¿Son eficaces los programas de servicio obligatorio para destinar personal sanitario a zonas remotas y rurales?

      research-article

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Compulsory service programmes have been used worldwide as a way to deploy and retain a professional health workforce within countries. Other names for these programmes include "obligatory", "mandatory", "required" and "requisite." All these different programme names refer to a country's law or policy that governs the mandatory deployment and retention of a heath worker in the underserved and/or rural areas of the country for a certain period of time. This study identified three different types of compulsory service programmes in 70 countries. These programmes are all governed by some type of regulation, ranging from a parliamentary law to a policy within the ministry of health. Depending on the country, doctors, nurses, midwives and all types of professional allied health workers are required to participate in the programme. Some of the compliance-enforcement measures include withholding full registration until obligations are completed, withholding degree and salary, or imposing large fines. This paper aims to explain these programmes more clearly, to identify countries that have or had such programmes, to develop a typology for the different kinds and to discuss the programmes in the light of important issues that are related to policy concepts and implementation. As governments consider the cost of investment in health professionals' education, the loss of health professionals to emigration and the lack of health workers in many geographic areas, they are using compulsory service requirements as a way to deploy and retain the health workforce.

          Translated abstract

          Les programmes de service obligatoire sont utilisés dans le monde entier comme moyen de déployer et de retenir une main d'œuvre médicale professionnelle dans les pays. On donne à ces programmes des noms divers, qui font référence à une loi ou à une politique du pays considéré qui régit le déploiement et le maintien obligatoires, sur une certaine durée, des agents de santé dans les zones mal desservies et/ou rurales de ce pays. La présente étude identifie trois types différents de programmes de service obligatoire parmi 70 pays. Ces programmes sont régis par certains types de règles, qui vont de la loi parlementaire à la politique ministérielle. Selon le pays, les médecins, le personnel infirmier, les sages-femmes ou tous les types apparentés de professionnels de santé sont obligés de participer à ces programmes. Parmi les mesures pour les faire appliquer, figurent l'absence d'enregistrement complet tant que l'agent ne s'est pas acquitté de ses obligations, la suspension d'avancement ou de salaire ou l'application de lourdes amendes. L'objectif de l'article est de présenter plus clairement ces programmes, d'identifier les pays qui en disposent ou en disposaient, de développer une typologie qui recense leurs différentes formes et de les examiner à la lumière des problèmes importants de conception et de mise en œuvre des politiques. Au vu des investissements consentis dans la formation des professionnels de santé, des pertes de personnel de santé dues à l'émigration et du manque d'agents de santé dans de nombreuses zones géographiques, les gouvernements ont recours au service obligatoire comme moyen de déployer et de retenir la main-d'œuvre médicale.

          Translated abstract

          Los programas de servicio obligatorio son una medida utilizada en todo el mundo para distribuir y conservar a los profesionales sanitarios en los países. Bajo distintas denominaciones, todos esos programas hacen referencia a las leyes o políticas de un país que rigen el despliegue y permanencia obligatorios de trabajadores de la salud en zonas subatendidas y/o rurales de su territorio durante un determinado periodo. En este estudio se identificaron tres tipos de programas de servicio obligatorio en 70 países. Todos ellos están sujetos a alguna forma de regulación, desde una ley parlamentaria hasta una política del ministerio de salud. Dependiendo del país, médicos, enfermeras, parteras y todo tipo de auxiliares sanitarios profesionales están obligados a participar en el programa. Como medidas de imposición de esa obligatoriedad cabe citar la suspensión de la colegiación plena hasta haber cumplido el servicio, la retención del título y del sueldo, o el pago de elevadas multas. Este trabajo tiene por objeto explicar más claramente esos programas, determinar qué países los han aplicado o los están aplicando, elaborar una tipología de esos programas, y analizarlos a la luz de algunas cuestiones importantes relacionadas con aspectos normativos y con la aplicación de las políticas. Considerando el costo de las inversiones en formación de los profesionales de la salud, la pérdida de profesionales que emigran y la falta de personal sanitario que sufren muchas zonas geográficas, los gobiernos recurren a formas de servicio obligatorio como alternativa para desplegar y conservar al personal sanitario.

          Related collections

          Most cited references27

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: found
          Is Open Access

          Staffing remote rural areas in middle- and low-income countries: A literature review of attraction and retention

          Background Many countries in middle- and low-income countries today suffer from severe staff shortages and/or maldistribution of health personnel which has been aggravated more recently by the disintegration of health systems in low-income countries and by the global policy environment. One of the most damaging effects of severely weakened and under-resourced health systems is the difficulty they face in producing, recruiting, and retaining health professionals, particularly in remote areas. Low wages, poor working conditions, lack of supervision, lack of equipment and infrastructure as well as HIV and AIDS, all contribute to the flight of health care personnel from remote areas. In this global context of accelerating inequities health service policy makers and managers are searching for ways to improve the attraction and retention of staff in remote areas. But the development of appropriate strategies first requires an understanding of the factors which influence decisions to accept and/or stay in a remote post, particularly in the context of mid and low income countries (MLICS), and which strategies to improve attraction and retention are therefore likely to be successful. It is the aim of this review article to explore the links between attraction and retention factors and strategies, with a particular focus on the organisational diversity and location of decision-making. Methods This is a narrative literature review which took an iterative approach to finding relevant literature. It focused on English-language material published between 1997 and 2007. The authors conducted Pubmed searches using a range of different search terms relating to attraction and retention of staff in remote areas. Furthermore, a number of relevant journals as well as unpublished literature were systematically searched. While the initial search included articles from high- middle- and low-income countries, the review focuses on middle- and low-income countries. About 600 papers were initially assessed and 55 eventually included in the review. Results The authors argue that, although factors are multi-facetted and complex, strategies are usually not comprehensive and often limited to addressing a single or limited number of factors. They suggest that because of the complex interaction of factors impacting on attraction and retention, there is a strong argument to be made for bundles of interventions which include attention to living environments, working conditions and environments and development opportunities. They further explore the organisational location of decision-making related to retention issues and suggest that because promising strategies often lie beyond the scope of human resource directorates or ministries of health, planning and decision-making to improve retention requires multi-sectoral collaboration within and beyond government. The paper provides a simple framework for bringing the key decision-makers together to identify factors and develop multi-facetted comprehensive strategies. Conclusion There are no set answers to the problem of attraction and retention. It is only through learning about what works in terms of fit between problem analysis and strategy and effective navigation through the politics of implementation that any headway will be made against the almost universal challenge of staffing health service in remote rural areas.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Developing evidence-based ethical policies on the migration of health workers: conceptual and practical challenges

            It is estimated that in 2000 almost 175 million people, or 2.9% of the world's population, were living outside their country of birth, compared to 100 million, or 1.8% of the total population, in 1995. As the global labour market strengthens, it is increasingly highly skilled professionals who are migrating. Medical practitioners and nurses represent a small proportion of highly skilled workers who migrate, but the loss of health human resources for developing countries can mean that the capacity of the health system to deliver health care equitably is compromised. However, data to support claims on both the extent and the impact of migration in developing countries is patchy and often anecdotal, based on limited databases with highly inconsistent categories of education and skills. The aim of this paper is to examine some key issues related to the international migration of health workers in order to better understand its impact and to find entry points to developing policy options with which migration can be managed. The paper is divided into six sections. In the first, the different types of migration are reviewed. Some global trends are depicted in the second section. Scarcity of data on health worker migration is one major challenge and this is addressed in section three, which reviews and discusses different data sources. The consequences of health worker migration and the financial flows associated with it are presented in section four and five, respectively. To illustrate the main issues addressed in the previous sections, a case study based mainly on the United Kingdom is presented in section six. This section includes a discussion on policies and ends by addressing the policy options from a broader perspective.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: not found
              • Article: not found

              Compulsory community service for doctors in South Africa--an evaluation of the first year.

                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra )
                0042-9686
                May 2010
                : 88
                : 5
                : 364-370
                Affiliations
                [1 ] The George Washington University USA
                Article
                S0042-96862010000500014
                10.2471/BLT.09.071605
                2865657
                20461136
                8ddbfafa-f379-4618-a071-82945fe1ce65

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0042-9686&lng=en
                Categories
                Health Policy & Services

                Public health
                Public health

                Comments

                Comment on this article