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      Situación actual de la atención a las enfermedades emergentes en los servicios de urgencias hospitalarias españoles Translated title: Current status of medical care of emerging infectious diseases at hospital emergency services in Spain

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          Resumen

          Fundamento

          Conocer la situación organizativa de los hospitales españoles de cara a facilitar la atención adecuada en los servicios de urgencias (SUH) de los pacientes que acudan con sospecha de infecciones de origen tropical.

          Método

          Estudio descriptivo transversal mediante cuestionario en formato Google Forms® enviado a los miembros del grupo de INFURG-SEMES. Se estudiaron variables como el tamaño del hospital a través del número de camas, el número de urgencias de patología tropical, la existencia de protocolos de medicina tropical, de pruebas diagnósticas urgentes o tratamiento antimalárico.

          Resultados

          Se envió el formulario a 75 hospitales, obteniendo respuesta de 42 servicios de urgencias (55%), pertenecientes a 10 comunidades autónomas. Veinticuatro (57,1%) tenían más de 500 camas. Solo cinco hospitales (11,9%) podían diagnosticar malaria y dengue las 24 horas. En 19 hospitales (45,3%) no existía ningún protocolo de enfermedad tropical. En siete hospitales (16,7%) se realizaban diez o más asistencias/día. En los hospitales de mayor tamaño era más frecuente la existencia de un servicio de enfermedades infecciosas independiente del servicio de Medicina Interna, una unidad de medicina tropical, un infectólogo de guardia y un microbiólogo de guardia. No existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los hospitales de mayor y menor tamaño en cuanto a la capacidad para realizar diagnósticos o tratamiento adecuados durante las 24 horas.

          Conclusiones.

          La atención de la patología importada supone un volumen no despreciable de consultas en los SUH, donde en general, se observa una ausencia de protocolos específicos, en especial, el protocolo específico de malaria, así como de escasa disponibilidad de prueba diagnóstica urgente de malaria.

          Abstract

          Background

          The aim of this study is to determine the current status of Spanish Hospital Emergency Services (HES) in diagnosing and treating the most prevalent tropical diseases (TD) in Spain.

          Methods

          A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out, using a questionnaire in Google Forms® sent to members of the INFURG-SEMES group. The following variables were analyzed: the size of the hospital in terms of number of beds, number of tropical disease emergencies, existence of tropical medicine protocols, urgent diagnostic tests or antimalarial treatment.

          Results

          The form was sent to 75 hospitals. Responses were obtained from 42 emergency services (55%) in 10 Autonomous Communities. Twenty-four (57.1%) had >500 beds. Only five hospitals (11.9%) have the facilities to diagnose malaria and dengue 24 hours a day. There was no tropical disease protocol in 19 (45.3%) hospitals. Seven (16.7%) hospitals had ≥ 10 attendances/day. Larger hospitals were more likely to have an infectious disease unit independent from Internal Medicine service, along with a tropical medicine unit, and an on-call infectious disease specialist and microbiologist. There are no statistically significant differences between larger and smaller hospitals in terms of their capacity to carry out appropriate diagnoses or treatments in 24 hours.

          Conclusion

          Care and treatment of emerging diseases are now a sizeable percentage of the consultations at an HES. Such units generally lack specific protocols, particularly for malaria. Urgent diagnostic testing for malaria is also needed.

          Related collections

          Most cited references26

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          Surveillance for travel-related disease--GeoSentinel Surveillance System, United States, 1997-2011.

          In 2012, the number of international tourist arrivals worldwide was projected to reach a new high of 1 billion arrivals, a 48% increase from 674 million arrivals in 2000. International travel also is increasing among U.S. residents. In 2009, U.S. residents made approximately 61 million trips outside the country, a 5% increase from 1999. Travel-related morbidity can occur during or after travel. Worldwide, 8% of travelers from industrialized to developing countries report becoming ill enough to seek health care during or after travel. Travelers have contributed to the global spread of infectious diseases, including novel and emerging pathogens. Therefore, surveillance of travel-related morbidity is an essential component of global public health surveillance and will be of greater importance as international travel increases worldwide. September 1997-December 2011. GeoSentinel is a clinic-based global surveillance system that tracks infectious diseases and other adverse health outcomes in returned travelers, foreign visitors, and immigrants. GeoSentinel comprises 54 travel/tropical medicine clinics worldwide that electronically submit demographic, travel, and clinical diagnosis data for all patients evaluated for an illness or other health condition that is presumed to be related to international travel. Clinical information is collected by physicians with expertise or experience in travel/tropical medicine. Data collected at all sites are entered electronically into a database, which is housed at and maintained by CDC. The GeoSentinel network membership program comprises 235 additional clinics in 40 countries on six continents. Although these network members do not report surveillance data systematically, they can report unusual or concerning diagnoses in travelers and might be asked to perform enhanced surveillance in response to specific health events or concerns. During September 1997-December 2011, data were collected on 141,789 patients with confirmed or probable travel-related diagnoses. Of these, 23,006 (16%) patients were evaluated in the United States, 10,032 (44%) of whom were evaluated after returning from travel outside of the United States (i.e., after-travel patients). Of the 10,032 after-travel patients, 4,977 (50%) were female, 4,856 (48%) were male, and 199 (2%) did not report sex; the median age was 34 years. Most were evaluated in outpatient settings (84%), were born in the United States (76%), and reported current U.S. residence (99%). The most common reasons for travel were tourism (38%), missionary/volunteer/research/aid work (24%), visiting friends and relatives (17%), and business (15%). The most common regions of exposure were Sub-Saharan Africa (23%), Central America (15%), and South America (12%). Fewer than half (44%) reported having had a pretravel visit with a health-care provider. Of the 13,059 diagnoses among the 10,032 after-travel patients, the most common diagnoses were acute unspecified diarrhea (8%), acute bacterial diarrhea (5%), postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome (5%), giardiasis (3%), and chronic unknown diarrhea (3%). The most common diagnostic groupings were acute diarrhea (22%), nondiarrheal gastrointestinal (15%), febrile/systemic illness (14%), and dermatologic (12%). Among 1,802 patients with febrile/systemic illness diagnoses, the most common diagnosis was Plasmodium falciparum malaria (19%). The rapid communication component of the GeoSentinel network has allowed prompt responses to important health events affecting travelers; during 2010 and 2011, the notification capability of the GeoSentinel network was used in the identification and public health response to East African trypanosomiasis in Eastern Zambia and North Central Zimbabwe, P. vivax malaria in Greece, and muscular sarcocystosis on Tioman Island, Malaysia. The GeoSentinel Global Surveillance System is the largest repository of provider-based data on travel-related illness. Among ill travelers evaluated in U.S. GeoSentinel sites after returning from international travel, gastrointestinal diagnoses were most frequent, suggesting that U.S. travelers might be exposed to unsafe food and water while traveling internationally. The most common febrile/systemic diagnosis was P. falciparum malaria, suggesting that some U.S. travelers to malarial areas are not receiving or using proper malaria chemoprophylaxis or mosquito-bite avoidance measures. The finding that fewer than half of all patients reported having made a pretravel visit with a health-care provider indicates that a substantial portion of U.S. travelers might not be following CDC travelers' health recommendations for international travel. GeoSentinel surveillance data have helped researchers define an evidence base for travel medicine that has informed travelers' health guidelines and the medical evaluation of ill international travelers. These data suggest that persons traveling internationally from the United States to developing countries remain at risk for illness. Health-care providers should help prepare travelers properly for safe travel and provide destination-specific medical evaluation of returning ill travelers. Training for health-care providers should focus on preventing and treating a variety of travel-related conditions, particularly traveler's diarrhea and malaria.
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            The visiting friends or relatives traveler in the 21st century: time for a new definition.

            Travelers visiting friends or relatives (VFR travelers) are a group identified with an increased risk of travel-related illness. Changes in global mobility, travel patterns, and inter-regional travel led to reappraisal of the classic definition of the term VFR. The peer-reviewed literature was accessed through electronic searchable sites (PubMed/Medline, ProMED, GeoSentinel, TropNetEurop, Eurosurveillance) using standard search strategies for the literature related to visiting friends/relatives, determinants of health, and travel. We reviewed the historic and current use of the definition of VFR traveler in the context of changes in population dynamics and mobility. The term "VFR" is used in different ways in the literature making it difficult to assess and compare clinical and research findings. The classic definition of VFR is no longer adequate in light of an increasingly dynamic and mobile world population. We propose broadening the definition of VFR travelers to include those whose primary purpose of travel is to visit friends or relatives and for whom there is a gradient of epidemiologic risk between home and destination, regardless of race, ethnicity, or administrative/legal status (eg, immigrant). The evolution and application of this proposed definition and an approach to risk assessment for VFR travelers are discussed.
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              First secondary case of Ebola outside Africa: epidemiological characteristics and contact monitoring, Spain, September to November 2014.

              On 6 October 2014, a case of Ebola virus disease (EVD) acquired outside Africa was detected in Madrid in a healthcare worker who had attended to a repatriated Spanish missionary and used proper personal protective equipment. The patient presented with fever <38.6 °C without other EVD-compatible symptoms in the days before diagnosis. No case of EVD was identified in the 232 contacts investigated. The experience has led to the modification of national protocols.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                An Sist Sanit Navar
                An Sist Sanit Navar
                assn
                Anales del Sistema Sanitario de Navarra
                Gobierno de Navarra. Departamento de Salud
                1137-6627
                2340-3527
                12 April 2021
                May-Aug 2021
                : 44
                : 2
                : 153-161
                Affiliations
                [1 ] originalServicio de Urgencias. Hospital Universitario de la Paz. Madrid. orgdiv1Servicio de Urgencias orgnameHospital Universitario de la Paz Madrid,
                [2 ] originalHospital Clínico San Carlos de Madrid. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos. Madrid. orgnameHospital Clínico San Carlos de Madrid orgdiv1Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos Madrid,
                [3 ] originalServicio de Urgencias. Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre. Madrid. orgdiv1Servicio de Urgencias orgnameHospital Universitario Doce de Octubre Madrid,
                [4 ] originalServicio de Urgencias. Hospital Universitario Río Hortega. Valladolid. orgdiv1Servicio de Urgencias orgnameHospital Universitario Río Hortega Valladolid,
                [5 ] originalServicio de Urgencias. Hospital Universitario German Trias i Pujol. Badalona (Barcelona). orgdiv1Servicio de Urgencias orgnameHospital Universitario German Trias i Pujol Badalona (Barcelona),
                Author notes
                [Correspondencia: ] Guillermina Bejarano Redondo. Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Universitario de la Paz Paseo de la Castellana, 261, 28046 Madrid E-mail: guguibej@ 123456hotmail.com .

                INFURG-SEMES: Grupo de Infecciones en Urgencias de la Sociedad Española de Medicina de Urgências y Emergencias

                Article
                10.23938/ASSN.876
                10019539
                33853225
                8de57fa8-b441-491a-a612-552663faf40e

                Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons

                History
                : 28 May 2019
                : 04 July 2019
                : 22 June 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 23, Pages: 09
                Categories
                Artículos Originales

                enfermedad tropical,malaria,protocolos,servicios de urgencias hospitalarias,tropical disease,protocols,hospital emergency service

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