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      Ultrasound-assisted extraction of hemicellulose and phenolic compounds from bamboo bast fiber powder

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          Abstract

          Ultrasound-assisted extraction of hemicellulose and phenolic compounds from bamboo bast fibre powder was investigated. The effect of ultrasonic probe depth and power input parameters on the type and amount of products extracted was assessed. The results of input energy and radical formation correlated with the calculated values for the anti-nodal point (λ/4; 16.85 mm, maximum amplitude) of the ultrasonic wave in aqueous medium. Ultrasonic treatment at optimum probe depth of 15 mm improve 2.6-fold the extraction efficiencies of hemicellulose and phenolic lignin compounds from bamboo bast fibre powder. LC-Ms-Tof (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-time of flight) analysis indicated that ultrasound led to the extraction of coniferyl alcohol, sinapyl alcohol, vanillic acid, cellobiose, in contrast to boiling water extraction only. At optimized conditions, ultrasound caused the formation of radicals confirmed by the presence of (+)-pinoresinol which resulted from the radical coupling of coniferyl alcohol. Ultrasounds revealed to be an efficient methodology for the extraction of hemicellulosic and phenolic compounds from woody bamboo without the addition of harmful solvents.

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          Qualitative and quantitative analysis of lignocellulosic biomass using infrared techniques: A mini-review

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            Stereoselective bimolecular phenoxy radical coupling by an auxiliary (dirigent) protein without an active center.

            The regio- and stereospecificity of bimolecular phenoxy radical coupling reactions, of especial importance in lignin and lignan biosynthesis, are clearly controlled in some manner in vivo; yet in vitro coupling by oxidases, such as laccases, only produce racemic products. In other words, laccases, peroxidases, and comparable oxidases are unable to control regio- or stereospecificity by themselves and thus some other agent must exist. A 78-kilodalton protein has been isolated that, in the presence of an oxidase or one electron oxidant, effects stereoselective bimolecular phenoxy radical coupling in vitro. Itself lacking a catalytically active (oxidative) center, its mechanism of action is presumed to involve capture of E-coniferyl alcohol-derived free-radical intermediates, with consequent stereoselective coupling to give (+)-pinoresinol.
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              Lignin-derived compounds as efficient laccase mediators for decolorization of different types of recalcitrant dyes.

              Ten phenols were selected as natural laccase mediators after screening 44 different compounds with a recalcitrant dye (Reactive Black 5) as a substrate. Their performances were evaluated at different mediator/dye ratios and incubation times (up to 6 h) by the use of Pycnoporus cinnabarinus and Trametes villosa laccases and were compared with those of eight known synthetic mediators (including -NOH- compounds). Among the six types of dyes assayed, only Reactive Blue 38 (phthalocyanine) was resistant to laccase-mediator treatment under the conditions used. Acid Blue 74 (indigoid dye), Reactive Blue 19 (anthraquinoid dye), and Aniline Blue (triarylmethane-type dye) were partially decolorized by the laccases alone, although decolorization was much more efficient and rapid with mediators, whereas Reactive Black 5 (diazo dye) and Azure B (heterocyclic dye) could be decolorized only in the presence of mediators. The efficiency of each natural mediator depended on the type of dye to be treated but, with the only exception being Azure B (< 50% decolorization), nearly complete decolorization (80 to 100%) was attained in all cases. Similar rates were attained with the best synthetic mediators, but the reactions were significantly slower. Phenolic aldehydes, ketones, acids, and esters related to the three lignin units were among the best mediators, including p-coumaric acid, vanillin, acetovanillone, methyl vanillate, and above all, syringaldehyde and acetosyringone. The last two compounds are especially promising as ecofriendly (and potentially cheap) mediators for industrial applications since they provided the highest decolorization rates in only 5 to 30 min, depending on the type of dye to be treated.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: InvestigationRole: Methodology
                Role: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: InvestigationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: SupervisionRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                1 June 2018
                2018
                : 13
                : 6
                : e0197537
                Affiliations
                [1 ] International Joint Research Laboratory for Textile and Fiber Bioprocesses, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
                [2 ] Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln an der Donau, Austria
                [3 ] Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
                [4 ] Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology - ACIB, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
                [5 ] Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center for Functional Textiles, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
                College of Agricultural Sciences, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors declare that Austrian Center of Biotechnology funded this work and this does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3067-2695
                Article
                PONE-D-18-03497
                10.1371/journal.pone.0197537
                5983477
                29856764
                8e276db2-07d1-437e-bdc9-cd0e9d1ed342
                © 2018 Wang et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 1 February 2018
                : 3 May 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 0, Pages: 11
                Funding
                Funded by: Austrian Federal Ministry of Science
                Award ID: CN 03/2016
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Austrian Federal Ministry of Science
                Award ID: CN 03/2016
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Chinese Foundation Key projects
                Award ID: 2016 YFE0115700
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: 31470509
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: B17021
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology
                Award ID: NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004
                Award Recipient :
                This work has received financial funding from the OeAD-GmbH and the Austrian Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy Scientific and Technological Cooperation Programme under the grant number CN 03/2016. The authors would like to thank to Chinese Foundation Key projects of governmental cooperation in international scientific and technological innovation (No. 2016 YFE0115700), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31470509), and the project (No. B17021). The authors would like also to thank to Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UID/BIO/04469/2013 unit and COMPETE 2020 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006684) and BioTecNorte operation (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004) funded by European Regional Development Fund under the scope of Norte2020 - Programa Operacional Regional do Norte. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Plants
                Grasses
                Bamboo
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Chemical Compounds
                Lignin
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Chemical Compounds
                Phenols
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Chemical Compounds
                Organic Compounds
                Alcohols
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Organic Chemistry
                Organic Compounds
                Alcohols
                Physical Sciences
                Physics
                Condensed Matter Physics
                Phase Transitions
                Vaporization
                Boiling
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Extraction Techniques
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Chemical Radicals
                Hydroxyl Radicals
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Physical Chemistry
                Chemical Radicals
                Hydroxyl Radicals
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Chemical Characterization
                Calorimetry
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

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