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      Iris Yellow Spot Virus Prolongs the Adult Lifespan of Its Primary Vector, Onion Thrips ( Thrips tabaci) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

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          Abstract

          Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) from the genus Tospovirus, family Peribunyaviridae, reduces yield in several crops, especially Allium spp. IYSV is primarily transmitted by onion thrips ( Thrips tabaci), but little is known about how IYSV impacts the biology of its principal vector. In a controlled experiment, the effect of IYSV on the lifespan and fecundity of onion thrips was examined. Larvae were reared on IYSV-infected onions until pupation. Individual pupae were confined until adults eclosed, and the lifespan and total progeny produced per adult were monitored daily. Thrips were tested for the virus in reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction using specific primers to confirm the presence of IYSV. Results indicated that 114 and 35 out of 149 eclosing adults tested positive (viruliferous) and negative (nonviruliferous) for IYSV, respectively. The viruliferous adults lived 1.1–6.1 d longer (average of 3.6 d) than nonviruliferous adults. Fecundity of viruliferous and nonviruliferous onion thrips was similar with 2.0 ± 0.1 and 2.3 ± 0.3 offspring produced per female per day, respectively. Fecundity for both viruliferous and nonviruliferous thrips also was significantly positively correlated with lifespan. These findings suggest that the longer lifespan of viruliferous onion thrips adults may allow this primary vector of IYSV to infect more plants, thereby exacerbating IYSV epidemics.

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          Infection with a plant virus modifies vector feeding behavior.

          Vector infection by some animal-infecting parasites results in altered feeding that enhances transmission. Modification of vector behavior is of broad adaptive significance, as parasite fitness relies on passage to a new host, and vector feeding is nearly always essential for transmission. Although several plant viruses infect their insect vectors, we have shown that vector infection by a plant virus alters feeding behavior. Here we show that infection with Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), type member of the only plant-infecting genus in the Bunyaviridae, alters the feeding behavior of its thrips vector, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). Male thrips infected with TSWV fed more than uninfected males, with the frequency of all feeding behaviors increasing by up to threefold, thus increasing the probability of virus inoculation. Importantly, infected males made almost three times more noningestion probes (probes in which they salivate, but leave cells largely undamaged) compared with uninfected males. A functional cell is requisite for TSWV infection and cell-to-cell movement; thus, this behavior is most likely to establish virus infection. Some animal-infecting members of the Bunyaviridae (La Crosse virus and Rift Valley fever virus) also cause increased biting rates in infected vectors. Concomitantly, these data support the hypothesis that capacity to modify vector feeding behavior is a conserved trait among plant- and animal-infecting members of the Bunyaviridae that evolved as a mechanism to enhance virus transmission. Our results underscore the evolutionary importance of vector behavioral modification to diverse parasites with host ranges spanning both plant and animal kingdoms.
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            Least-square means: the R package lsmean

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              Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Insect Sci
                J. Insect Sci
                jis
                Journal of Insect Science
                Oxford University Press (US )
                1536-2442
                May 2019
                25 May 2019
                25 May 2019
                : 19
                : 3
                : 8
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY
                [2 ]Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY
                Author notes
                Corresponding author, e-mail: al2282@ 123456cornell.edu
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7071-0230
                Article
                iez041
                10.1093/jisesa/iez041
                6534963
                31127944
                8e5a2126-c22d-4f0c-9f81-01b157fff970
                © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs licence ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

                History
                : 01 February 2019
                Page count
                Pages: 4
                Funding
                Funded by: New York State Onion Research and Development Program
                Categories
                Short Communication

                Entomology
                onion thrips,iris yellow spot virus,tospovirus,lifespan,fecundity
                Entomology
                onion thrips, iris yellow spot virus, tospovirus, lifespan, fecundity

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