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      Recent advances in bedside microcirculation assessment in critically ill patients Translated title: Recentes avanços na avaliação da microcirculação à beira do leito em pacientes graves

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          Abstract

          Parameters related to macrocirculation, such as the mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, cardiac output, mixed venous saturation and central oxygen saturation, are commonly used in the hemodynamic assessment of critically ill patients. However, several studies have shown that there is a dissociation between these parameters and the state of microcirculation in this group of patients. Techniques that allow direct viewing of the microcirculation are not completely disseminated, nor are they incorporated into the clinical management of patients in shock. The numerous techniques developed for microcirculation assessment include clinical assessment (e.g., peripheral perfusion index and temperature gradient), laser Doppler flowmetry, tissue oxygen assessment electrodes, videomicroscopy (orthogonal polarization spectral imaging, sidestream dark field imaging or incident dark field illumination) and near infrared spectroscopy. In the near future, the monitoring and optimization of tissue perfusion by direct viewing and microcirculation assessment may become a goal to be achieved in the hemodynamic resuscitation of critically ill patients.

          Translated abstract

          Parâmetros relacionados à macrocirculação, como pressão arterial média, pressão venosa central, débito cardíaco e saturação venosa mista e central de oxigênio, são comumente utilizados na avaliação hemodinâmica de pacientes graves. No entanto, diversos estudos demonstram que existe dissociação entre estes parâmetros e o estado da microcirculação neste grupo de pacientes. Técnicas que permitem a visualização direta da microcirculação não estão completamente difundidas e nem incorporadas ao manejo clínico dos pacientes em choque. Entre as inúmeras técnicas desenvolvidas para avaliação da microcirculação encontram-se: avaliação clínica (por exemplo: índice de perfusão periférica e gradiente de temperatura); fluxometria por laser Doppler; eletrodos de avaliação de oxigênio tecidual; videomicroscopia (imagem espectral por polarização ortogonal, análise em campo escuro de fluxo lateral, ou iluminação incidental em campo escuro); e espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo. A monitorização e a otimização da perfusão tecidual por meio da visualização direta e da avaliação da microcirculação pode, em um futuro próximo, tornar-se uma meta a ser atingida na ressuscitação hemodinâmica dos pacientes graves.

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          Most cited references48

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          The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine.

          Despite its very potent vasodilating action in vivo, acetylcholine (ACh) does not always produce relaxation of isolated preparations of blood vessels in vitro. For example, in the helical strip of the rabbit descending thoracic aorta, the only reported response to ACh has been graded contractions, occurring at concentrations above 0.1 muM and mediated by muscarinic receptors. Recently, we observed that in a ring preparation from the rabbit thoracic aorta, ACh produced marked relaxation at concentrations lower than those required to produce contraction (confirming an earlier report by Jelliffe). In investigating this apparent discrepancy, we discovered that the loss of relaxation of ACh in the case of the strip was the result of unintentional rubbing of its intimal surface against foreign surfaces during its preparation. If care was taken to avoid rubbing of the intimal surface during preparation, the tissue, whether ring, transverse strip or helical strip, always exhibited relaxation to ACh, and the possibility was considered that rubbing of the intimal surface had removed endothelial cells. We demonstrate here that relaxation of isolated preparations of rabbit thoracic aorta and other blood vessels by ACh requires the presence of endothelial cells, and that ACh, acting on muscarinic receptors of these cells, stimulates release of a substance(s) that causes relaxation of the vascular smooth muscle. We propose that this may be one of the principal mechanisms for ACh-induced vasodilation in vivo. Preliminary reports on some aspects of the work have been reported elsewhere.
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            The microcirculation is the motor of sepsis

            Can Ince (2005)
            Regional tissue distress caused by microcirculatory dysfunction and mitochondrial depression underlies the condition in sepsis and shock where, despite correction of systemic oxygen delivery variables, regional hypoxia and oxygen extraction deficit persist. We have termed this condition microcirculatory and mitochondrial distress syndrome (MMDS). Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging allowed the first clinical observation of the microcirculation in human internal organs, and has identified the pivotal role of microcirculatory abnormalities in defining the severity of sepsis, a condition not revealed by systemic hemodynamic or oxygen-derived variables. Recently, sublingual sidestream dark-field (SDF) imaging has been introduced, allowing observation of the microcirculation in even greater detail. Microcirculatory recruitment is needed to ensure adequate microcirculatory perfusion and the oxygenation of tissue cells that follows. In sepsis, where inflammation-induced autoregulatory dysfunction persists and oxygen need is not matched by supply, the microcirculation can be recruited by reducing pathological shunting, promoting microcirculatory perfusion, supporting pump function, and controlling hemorheology and coagulation. Resuscitation following MMDS must include focused recruitment of hypoxic-shunted microcirculatory units and/or resuscitation of the mitochondria. A combination of agents is required for successful rescue of the microcirculation. Single compounds such as activated protein C, which acts on multiple pathways, can be expected to be beneficial in rescuing the microcirculation in sepsis.
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              Pericytes in the microvasculature.

              Pericytes, also known as Rouget cells or mural cells, are associated abluminally with all vascular capillaries and post-capillary venules. Differences in pericyte morphology and distribution among vascular beds suggest tissue-specific functions. Based on their location and their complement of muscle cytoskeletal proteins, pericytes have been proposed to play a role in the regulation of blood flow. In vitro studies demonstrating the contractile ability of pericytes support this concept. Pericytes have also been suggested to be oligopotential and have been reported to differentiate into adipocytes, osteoblasts and phagocytes. The mechanisms involved in vessel formation have yet to be elucidated but observations indicate that the primordial endothelium can recruit undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and direct their differentiation into pericytes in microvessels, and smooth muscle cells in large vessels. Communication between endothelial cells and pericytes, or their precursors, may take many forms. Soluble factors such as platelet-derived growth factor and transforming growth factors-beta are likely to be involved. In addition, physical contact mediated by cell adhesion molecules, integrins and gap junctions appear to contribute to the control of vascular growth and function. Development of culture methods has allowed some functions of pericytes to be directly examined. Co-culture of pericytes with endothelial cells leads to the activation of transforming growth factor-beta, which in turn influences the growth and differentiation of the vascular cells. Finally, the pericyte has been implicated in the development of a variety of pathologies including hypertension, multiple sclerosis, diabetic microangiopathy and tumor vascularization.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Bras Ter Intensiva
                Rev Bras Ter Intensiva
                rbti
                Revista Brasileira de Terapia Intensiva
                Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira - AMIB
                0103-507X
                1982-4335
                Apr-Jun 2017
                Apr-Jun 2017
                : 29
                : 2
                : 238-247
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Faculdade de Medicina do ABC - Santo André (SP), Brasil.
                [2 ] Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Adulto, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein - São Paulo (SP), Brasil.
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Ary Serpa Neto, Departamento de Terapia Intensiva do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Avenida Albert Einstein, 627, Zip code: 05652-900 - São Paulo (SP), Brazil. E-mail: aryserpa@terra.com.br
                Article
                10.5935/0103-507X.20170033
                5496759
                28977264
                8e7ce674-bbf8-4ca7-a0f3-212b29d4c735

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 29 June 2016
                : 18 September 2016
                Categories
                Review Articles

                shock,septic shock,hemodynamics,resuscitation,microcirculation,microscopy, video

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