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      Using in vivo probabilistic tractography to reveal two segregated dorsal ‘language-cognitive’ pathways in the human brain ☆

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          Highlights

          • •

            The dorsal stream has been postulated to constitute multiple pathways.

          • •

            Tractography was used to map the connectivity of regions within the left SMG.

          • •

            The arcuate fasciculus was subdivided into dorso-dorsal/ventro-dorsal pathways.

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            The parallel pathways appear to underlie functional heterogeneity within the SMG.

          Abstract

          Primate studies have recently identified the dorsal stream as constituting multiple dissociable pathways associated with a range of specialized cognitive functions. To elucidate the nature and number of dorsal pathways in the human brain, the current study utilized in vivo probabilistic tractography to map the structural connectivity associated with subdivisions of the left supramarginal gyrus (SMG). The left SMG is a prominent region within the dorsal stream, which has recently been parcellated into five structurally-distinct regions which possess a dorsal–ventral (and rostral-caudal) organisation, postulated to reflect areas of functional specialisation. The connectivity patterns reveal a dissociation of the arcuate fasciculus into at least two segregated pathways connecting frontal-parietal-temporal regions. Specifically, the connectivity of the inferior SMG, implicated as an acoustic-motor speech interface, is carried by an inner/ventro-dorsal arc of fibres, whilst the pathways of the posterior superior SMG, implicated in object use and cognitive control, forms a parallel outer/dorso-dorsal crescent.

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          Most cited references112

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          Robust determination of the fibre orientation distribution in diffusion MRI: non-negativity constrained super-resolved spherical deconvolution.

          J-Donald Tournier, Fernando Calamante, Alan Connelly (2007)
          Diffusion-weighted (DW) MR images contain information about the orientation of brain white matter fibres that potentially can be used to study human brain connectivity in vivo using tractography techniques. Currently, the diffusion tensor model is widely used to extract fibre directions from DW-MRI data, but fails in regions containing multiple fibre orientations. The spherical deconvolution technique has recently been proposed to address this limitation. It provides an estimate of the fibre orientation distribution (FOD) by assuming the DW signal measured from any fibre bundle is adequately described by a single response function. However, the deconvolution is ill-conditioned and susceptible to noise contamination. This tends to introduce artefactual negative regions in the FOD, which are clearly physically impossible. In this study, the introduction of a constraint on such negative regions is proposed to improve the conditioning of the spherical deconvolution. This approach is shown to provide FOD estimates that are robust to noise whilst preserving angular resolution. The approach also permits the use of super-resolution, whereby more FOD parameters are estimated than were actually measured, improving the angular resolution of the results. The method provides much better defined fibre orientation estimates, and allows orientations to be resolved that are separated by smaller angles than previously possible. This should allow tractography algorithms to be designed that are able to track reliably through crossing fibre regions.
          Article 0 comments Cited 642 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Dorsal and ventral streams: a framework for understanding aspects of the functional anatomy of language.

            Gregory Hickok, David Poeppel (2004)
            Despite intensive work on language-brain relations, and a fairly impressive accumulation of knowledge over the last several decades, there has been little progress in developing large-scale models of the functional anatomy of language that integrate neuropsychological, neuroimaging, and psycholinguistic data. Drawing on relatively recent developments in the cortical organization of vision, and on data from a variety of sources, we propose a new framework for understanding aspects of the functional anatomy of language which moves towards remedying this situation. The framework posits that early cortical stages of speech perception involve auditory fields in the superior temporal gyrus bilaterally (although asymmetrically). This cortical processing system then diverges into two broad processing streams, a ventral stream, which is involved in mapping sound onto meaning, and a dorsal stream, which is involved in mapping sound onto articulatory-based representations. The ventral stream projects ventro-laterally toward inferior posterior temporal cortex (posterior middle temporal gyrus) which serves as an interface between sound-based representations of speech in the superior temporal gyrus (again bilaterally) and widely distributed conceptual representations. The dorsal stream projects dorso-posteriorly involving a region in the posterior Sylvian fissure at the parietal-temporal boundary (area Spt), and ultimately projecting to frontal regions. This network provides a mechanism for the development and maintenance of "parity" between auditory and motor representations of speech. Although the proposed dorsal stream represents a very tight connection between processes involved in speech perception and speech production, it does not appear to be a critical component of the speech perception process under normal (ecologically natural) listening conditions, that is, when speech input is mapped onto a conceptual representation. We also propose some degree of bi-directionality in both the dorsal and ventral pathways. We discuss some recent empirical tests of this framework that utilize a range of methods. We also show how damage to different components of this framework can account for the major symptom clusters of the fluent aphasias, and discuss some recent evidence concerning how sentence-level processing might be integrated into the framework.
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              Perisylvian language networks of the human brain.

              Marco Catani, Derek K Jones, Dominic ffytche (2005)
              Early anatomically based models of language consisted of an arcuate tract connecting Broca's speech and Wernicke's comprehension centers; a lesion of the tract resulted in conduction aphasia. However, the heterogeneous clinical presentations of conduction aphasia suggest a greater complexity of perisylvian anatomical connections than allowed for in the classical anatomical model. This article re-explores perisylvian language connectivity using in vivo diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging tractography. Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging data from 11 right-handed healthy male subjects were averaged, and the arcuate fasciculus of the left hemisphere reconstructed from this data using an interactive dissection technique. Beyond the classical arcuate pathway connecting Broca's and Wernicke's areas directly, we show a previously undescribed, indirect pathway passing through inferior parietal cortex. The indirect pathway runs parallel and lateral to the classical arcuate fasciculus and is composed of an anterior segment connecting Broca's territory with the inferior parietal lobe and a posterior segment connecting the inferior parietal lobe to Wernicke's territory. This model of two parallel pathways helps explain the diverse clinical presentations of conduction aphasia. The anatomical findings are also relevant to the evolution of language, provide a framework for Lichtheim's symptom-based neurological model of aphasia, and constrain, anatomically, contemporary connectionist accounts of language.
              Article 0 comments Cited 450 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Brain Lang
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Brain Lang
                Title: Brain and Language
                Publisher: Academic Press
                ISSN (Print): 0093-934X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1090-2155
                Publication date PMC-release: 1 November 2013
                Publication date (Print): November 2013
                Volume: 127
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 230-240
                Affiliations
                [a ]Neuroscience and Aphasia Research Unit (NARU), School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
                [b ]Imaging Science and Biomedical Engineering, School of Cancer and Imaging Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. Address: Neuroscience and Aphasia Research Unit (NARU), Zochonis Building, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK. Tel.: +44 (0)161 27 51978. Lauren.Cloutman@ 123456manchester.ac.uk
                Article
                Publisher ID: S0093-934X(13)00123-5
                DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2013.06.005
                PMC ID: 3842500
                PubMed ID: 23937853
                SO-VID: 8e83b5e5-b07b-44fd-9448-01a8df931268
                Copyright © © 2013 The Authors
                License:

                This document may be redistributed and reused, subject to certain conditions.

                History
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences
                Keywords: performance feedback,connectivity,arcuate fasciculus,language production,dual stream model,sensory-motor integration,functional specialization,supramarginal gyrus,repetition,tool use
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences
                Keywords: performance feedback, connectivity, arcuate fasciculus, language production, dual stream model, sensory-motor integration, functional specialization, supramarginal gyrus, repetition, tool use

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