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      Behavioral Responses of Western Flower Thrips ( Frankliniella occidentalis) to Visual and Olfactory Cues at Short Distances

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          Abstract

          Western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is a highly invasive pest, infesting many species of plants worldwide, but few studies have investigated the visual and olfactory cues associated with their foraging behaviors. In this study, the distance traveled by WFT to locate yellow cards using only visual cues and visual cues plus olfactory cues was studied first. Subsequently, preferences for colors (white, red, green, purple, yellow and blue) and patterns (triangle, rectangle, circle and flower-shape) over short distances were assessed with free-choice tests. Finally, as yellow was the most efficient color to catch WFT under laboratory conditions, the yellow flower-shape was used as the visual cue, and preferences between visual and olfactory cues were evaluated with dual choice tests. The results showed that the capture rate of WFT by visual cues decreased as selection distance increased, however capture rate remained higher with the addition of olfactory cues. The flower shape attracted the greatest number of WFT among all shapes tested. The combination of visual cues and extracted volatiles from flowering Medicago sativa L. attracted higher numbers of WFT than to the olfactory cues alone, however these were similar to visual cues alone. The presence of olfactory cues resulted in higher residence times by WFT than did the absence of olfactory cues. These results show the relative effects of visual and olfactory cues on the orientation of WFT to hosts and highlight that visual cues dominate selection behavior at short distances. These findings can be used in the development of efficient trapping products and management strategies for thrips.

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          Insect host location: a volatile situation.

          Locating a host plant is crucial for a phytophagous (herbivorous) insect to fulfill its nutritional requirements and to find suitable oviposition sites. Insects can locate their hosts even though the host plants are often hidden among an array of other plants. Plant volatiles play an important role in this host-location process. The recognition of a host plant by these olfactory signals could occur by using either species-specific compounds or specific ratios of ubiquitous compounds. Currently, most studies favor the second scenario, with strong evidence that plant discrimination is due to central processing of olfactory signals by the insect, rather than their initial detection. Furthermore, paired or clustered olfactory receptor neurons might enable fine-scale spatio-temporal resolution of the complex signals encountered when ubiquitous compounds are used.
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            Wake Up and Smell the Roses: The Ecology and Evolution of Floral Scent

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Insects
                Insects
                insects
                Insects
                MDPI
                2075-4450
                11 March 2020
                March 2020
                : 11
                : 3
                : 177
                Affiliations
                [1 ]State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; renxiaoyunyouxiang@ 123456163.com (X.R.); sywu@ 123456ippcaas.cn (S.W.); 18234401284@ 123456163.com (R.X.)
                [2 ]Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; caiwz@ 123456cau.edu.cn
                [3 ]School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; longtaitou100@ 123456126.com
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: zrlei@ 123456ippcaas.cn ; Tel.: +86-010-62895930
                Article
                insects-11-00177
                10.3390/insects11030177
                7142566
                32168875
                8e844411-b985-4105-99f4-6fdcecae411f
                © 2020 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 14 February 2020
                : 10 March 2020
                Categories
                Article

                frankliniella occidentalis,visual cue,olfactory cue,short distance,trapping efficacy

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