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      Early trauma, attachment experiences and comorbidities in schizophrenia Translated title: Relação entre traumas precoces, experiências de apego e comorbidades na esquizofrenia

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          Abstract

          Abstract Objective To evaluate attachment patterns in subjects with schizophrenia and their relationships to early traumatic events, psychotic symptoms and comorbidities. Methods Twenty patients diagnosed with schizophrenia according to criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) underwent retrospective symptom assessment and careful assessment of the number and manner of childhood caregiver changes. The Diagnostic Interview for Psychosis and Affective Disorders (DI-PAD) was used to assess symptoms related to schizophrenia (positive and negative symptoms), depression and mania. Anxiety disorder comorbidities were assessed by the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS), Yale-Brown Obsessions and Compulsions Scale (Y-BOCS) and Panic and Schizophrenia Interview (PaSI). Experience in Close Relationships – Relationship Structures (ECR-RS) and Early Trauma Inventory Self Report-Short Form (ETISR-SF) were used to assess attachment patterns and traumatic history, respectively. Results Moderate and significant correlations between attachment patterns and early trauma showed that greater severity of anxious attachment was predicted by a higher frequency of total early traumas (Spearman ρ = 0.446, p = 0.04), mainly general traumas (ρ = 0.526, p = 0.017; including parental illness and separation, as well as natural disaster and serious accidents). Among the correlations between early trauma and comorbid symptoms, panic attacks occurring before the onset of schizophrenia showed significant and positive correlations with ETISR-SF total scores and the sexual trauma subscale. Conclusion Children with an unstable early emotional life are more vulnerable to the development of psychopathology, such as panic anxiety symptoms. Traumatic events may also predict later schizophrenia.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo Objetivos Avaliar o padrão de apego em portadores de esquizofrenia e discutir a relação que tais padrões apresentam com a sintomatologia psicótica e as comorbidades dos pacientes investigados. Métodos Vinte pacientes diagnosticados com esquizofrenia de acordo com os critérios do Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais, 5ª edição (DSM-5) foram submetidos a avaliação de sintomas retrospectivos e avaliação cuidadosa do número e modo de mudança de cuidador da infância. A Entrevista Diagnóstica para Psicoses e Transtornos Afetivos (DI-PAD) foi utilizada para avaliar sintomas relacionados à esquizofrenia (sintomas positivos e negativos), depressão e mania. As comorbidades de transtorno de ansiedade foram avaliadas pela Escala de Ansiedade Social de Liebowitz (LSAS), Escala de Sintomas Obsessivo-Compulsivos de Yale-Brown (Y-BOCS) e Entrevista de Pânico e Esquizofrenia (PaSI). Os instrumentos Questionário das Experiências nas Relações Próximas-Estruturas Relacionais (ECR-RS) e Inventário de Autorrelato de Trauma Precoce - Forma Curta (ETISR-SF) foram utilizados para avaliar padrões de apego e histórico traumático, respectivamente. Resultados Foram identificadas correlações significativas entre a ocorrência de traumas precoces e o apego do tipo ansioso. Também foi verificada a relação entre traumas gerais e sintomas de pânico, constatando-se que as crises de pânico antecipam surtos quando predominam sintomas ansiosos, somáticos, alucinações e ideias delirantes. Foi observado que a ocorrência de traumas precoces contribui para o pânico, elevando o risco de episódios psicóticos. Conclusão . Os resultados indicam que as adversidades ambientais na infância estão associadas com o risco de desenvolvimento de esquizofrenia e de outras psicoses mais tarde na vida.

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          Social Phobia

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            Social adversity in childhood and the risk of developing psychosis: a national cohort study.

            There is conflicting evidence concerning the association of social childhood factors and subsequent psychosis. Previous studies have had inadequate designs. The aim of the present study was to describe a broad range of social factors during childhood and the risk of developing psychosis later in life in a national cohort. The study population consisted of all children born in Sweden in 1963-1983-2.1 million persons-in family households participating in the national census of 1970, 1980, 1985, or 1990. Hazard ratios were estimated for five different indicators of socioeconomic position (living in rented apartments, low socioeconomic status, single-parent households, unemployment, and households receiving social welfare benefits) from hospital admissions for schizophrenia and other psychoses during 1987-2002. Increased age- and sex-adjusted hazard ratios for schizophrenia and other psychoses were found for all childhood socioeconomic indicators, ranking from lowest to highest hazard ratio: rented apartments, low socioeconomic status, single-parent households, unemployment, and households receiving social welfare benefits. Hazard ratios increased with an increasing number of adverse social factors present. Those with four measures of adversity had a 2.7-fold higher risk of schizophrenia than those with none. The results indicate that social adversity in childhood and fetal life is independently associated with the risk of developing schizophrenia and other psychoses later in life. The risks increased with an increasing number of exposures, suggesting a dose-response relationship.
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              Pathways Associating Childhood Trauma to the Neurobiology of Schizophrenia.

              While researchers have for decades considered the role of social factors, endocrinology, neural function, hippocampal integrity, and cognition in the development of schizophrenia, there has been a relative paucity of studies considering the participation of the stress cascade in the interplay of these elements. As described in this review, stressful exposures and stress sensitivity may plausibly be argued to play a role in the etiology, neurobiology, and course of schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders. Notably, research conducted over the last decade has made it increasingly clear that childhood traumatic experiences represent a prominent risk factor for the development of psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia. Accumulating evidence suggests that this relationship is mediated by the development of a neuropathological stress response, involving HPA axis dysregulation, aberrant functioning of different neurotransmitter systems, hippocampal damage, and memory deficits. However, it remains difficult to identify exact causal pathways linking early trauma to schizophrenia, including to the individual symptoms associated with the disorder. In addition to the strong association among early trauma, stress sensitization, and positive symptoms in schizophrenia, there is also evidence indicating that the negative and cognitive symptoms are related to these factors. However, the emergence of these symptoms may lie on a distinct and non-interacting pathway in relation to the development of the positive symptoms. The natural increases in stress sensitivity and HPA axis activity during adolescence may act on already maladaptive stress circuitry resulting from early trauma and/or a genetic predisposition to produce full blown stress sensitization and cause epigenetic effects, such as the altered methylation of different genes, that lead to schizophrenia or other psychiatric illnesses.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                trends
                Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy
                Trends Psychiatry Psychother.
                Associação de Psiquiatria do Rio Grande do Sul (Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil )
                2237-6089
                2238-0019
                April 2018
                : 40
                : 3
                : 179-184
                Affiliations
                [1] Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul orgnameUniversidade Católica Dom Bosco orgdiv1Grupo de Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde Mental Brazil
                [2] New York NY orgnameWeill-Cornell Medical College orgdiv1Department of Psychiatry USA
                [3] New York Emirate of Abu Dhabi orgnameNew York University orgdiv1Department of Psychiatry and Environmental Medicine United Arab Emirates
                [4] Coimbra orgnameUniversidade de Coimbra orgdiv1Centro de Pesquisa de Intervenção Cognitivo-Comportamental Portugal
                Article
                S2237-60892018000300179
                10.1590/2237-6089-2017-0005
                29641648
                8ed224a3-521d-44c9-a072-51d796a0bc83

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 22 May 2017
                : 17 January 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 27, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Brazil


                apego,Esquizofrenia,schizoaffective disorder,attachment,early traumas,Schizophrenia,relações vinculares

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