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      Programa de cribado para el déficit De alfa 1-antitripsina en el servicio de neumonología del Hospital Tránsito Cáceres de Allende

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          Abstract

          El déficit de alfa -1 Antitripsina (DAAT) es una enfermedad genética rara, asociada a un incremento a padecer enfisema pulmonar y hepatopatía crónicas en niños y adultos, frecuentemente subdiagnosticada, con largos retrasos entre el inicio de los síntomas y el diagnóstico definitivo. La alfa 1-antitripsina (AAT) es el inhibidor de proteasas más abundante en el organismo humano. Se considera déficit grave y es a lo que habitualmente se refiere la literatura científica a los siguientes fenotipos: SZ, ZZ y Null. Es necesario programas de cribado para su detección precoz, por lo que se ha descripto y validado un método sencillo y específico, mediante el cual se cuantifica el valor de AAT por nefelometría en muestras de gota de sangre en papel secante y se realiza genotipificación rápida de las variantes Z y S. Objetivos: Determinar la proporción de individuos con DAAT en una población de pacientes con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas. Identificar y caracterizar a aquellos con déficit de AAT. Materiales y Método: Estudio Observacional, Descriptivo de corte Transversal de cribado de déficit de AAT, entre el 2 de enero de 2014 a 30 de marzo de 2015. De 80 personas que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y que concurrieron de forma espontánea o por derivación al Servicio de Neumonología del Hospital Tránsito Cáceres de Allende, Córdoba, Argentina, se analizaron 62 pacientes que aceptaron realizarse el estudio. Se realizó dosaje de alfa1-antitripsina mediante gota de sangre en papel secante a los pacientes que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Se solicitó espirometría, Tomografía Computada de Tórax de Alta Resolución y genotipificación rápida solo a aquellos pacientes con valores de alfa 1-antitripsina < 1,8 mg/dL. Resultados: En el presente trabajo se estudió un total de 62 pacientes, 28 (45,2%) fueron de sexo femenino y 34 (54,8%) de sexo masculino, 37 (59,7%) tuvieron valores de alfa 1-antitripsina ≥ 1,8 mg/dL y 25 (40,3%) < 1,8 mg/dL. La obtención del genotipo por la técnica de gota seca a 25 (40,3%; 25:62) pacientes con valores < 1,8 mg/dL mostró que: 22 (88%; 22:25) fueron NoS NoZ, 2 (8%; 2:25) Heterocigoto para Z y 1 (4%; 1:25) Heterocigoto para S. El patrón espirométrico predominante según criterio de ATS/ERS fue el obstructivo (88%). El patrón en TCAR fue de enfisema en 22 pacientes (88%): 7 (31,8%) centrolobulillar, 8 (36,4%) paraseptal, 7 (31,8%) panlobulillar. Hubo 2 pacientes (8%) con bronquiectasias, y 1 (4%) fue normal. Conclusión: En una población seleccionada por síntomas y/o antecedentes se pueden identificar con el cribado con técnica de gota seca a pacientes con DAAT, que en su expresión grave es poco frecuente en la Argentina, probablemente subdiagnosticado, siendo superior el número de portadores heterocigotos PIS y PIZ. El diagnóstico precoz de DAAT es poco frecuente. Es difícil establecer conclusiones sobre el grupo de alfa 1-antitripsina <1,8 mg/dL sin ser deficiencias graves, en relación a las variables estudiadas en la muestra debido a la escases de estudios y bibliografía encontradas sobre el tema. Consideramos que los pacientes que presentan un genotipo No S No Z y los que presentan discordancia deben ser confirmados cuantitativamente y tener una caracterización del fenotipo en muestras de suero por Isoelectoenfoque y ocasionalmente el análisis molecular del gen para variantes alélicas poco frecuentes, nuevas o nulas.

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          Most cited references31

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          Change in lung function and morbidity from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in alpha1-antitrypsin MZ heterozygotes: A longitudinal study of the general population.

          A deteriorating effect of severe alpha(1)-antitrypsin deficiency (ZZ genotype) on lung function is well known, whereas the role of intermediate deficiency (MZ genotype) remains uncertain. To test the hypothesis that MZ intermediate alpha(1)-antitrypsin deficiency affects pulmonary function and disease. Population-based cohort study with 21-year follow-up. Copenhagen, Denmark. 9187 adults randomly selected from the Danish general population. Plasma alpha(1)-antitrypsin levels, annual decrease in FEV(1), airway obstruction, and hospitalization and mortality from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). 451 participants (4.9%) carried the MZ genotype. Plasma alpha(1)-antitrypsin levels were 31% lower in MZ heterozygotes than in persons with the MM genotype (Student t -test, P < 0.001). Annual decrease in FEV(1) was 25 mL in MZ heterozygotes and 21 mL in persons with the MM genotype (t -test, P = 0.048). Airway obstruction was found in 19% of MZ heterozygotes compared with 15% of MM carriers (chi-square test, P = 0.023); in a logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, and tobacco consumption, the corresponding odds ratio was 1.3 (CI, 1.0 to 1.7). The incidence of hospitalization and mortality from COPD was 32 cases per 10 000 person-years in persons with the MZ genotype and 22 cases per 10 000 person-years in those with the MM genotype (log-rank test, P = 0.063). In a Cox regression model adjusted for age, sex, tobacco use, and FEV(1) at study entry, relative risk for COPD outcomes in persons with the MZ genotype versus persons with the MM genotype was 1.5 (CI, 1.0 to 2.3). All these results were independent of the S and E alleles in this gene and were not affected by cystic fibrosis Delta F508 heterozygosity. MZ heterozygotes had a slightly greater rate of decrease in FEV(1) and were modestly over-represented among persons with airway obstruction and COPD. In the population at large, MZ heterozygosity may account for a fraction of COPD cases---on the order of 2%, similar to the percentage of persons with COPD who have the severe but rare ZZ genotype.
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            Liver disease in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: current understanding and future therapy.

            Alpha-1 antitrypsin Deficiency (AATD) is a common, but under recognized metabolic genetic disease. Although many mutations in the alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) gene are described, the Z variant is the allele overwhelmingly associated with liver disease. PI*ZZ homozygotes occur in approximately 1 in 2,000-5,000 births in North American and European populations. The AAT protein is synthesized in large quantities by the liver, and then secreted into serum. Its physiologic function is to inhibit neutrophil proteases in order to protect host tissues from non-specific injury during periods of inflammation. The mutant Z gene of AAT directs the synthesis of a mutant protein which folds abnormally during biogenesis in the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes and is retained intracellularly, rather than efficiently secreted. Intracellular proteolysis pathways, including the proteasome and autophagy, are activated as a response to the intracellular burden of misfolded protein. The lack of circulating anti-protease activity leaves the lung vulnerable to injury and the development of emphysema. The intracellular accumulation of AAT mutant Z protein within hepatocytes can cause liver injury, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma by triggering a cascade of chronic hepatocellular apoptosis, regeneration, and end organ injury. There is no specific treatment for PI*ZZ associated liver disease, other than standard liver supportive care and liver transplantation. There is a high degree of variability in the clinical manifestations among PI*ZZ homozygous patients, suggesting a strong influence of as yet poorly characterized, genetic and environmental disease modifiers. Studies of the processes of intracellular injury have led to a new era of rational therapeutic development.
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              Screening for alpha1-Pi deficiency in patients with lung diseases.

              In patients with pulmonary emphysema, studies have reported 2-3% of individuals with severe alpha1-Pi deficiency. The aims of this study were to evaluate the accuracy of a new method for quantifying alpha1-Pi through phenotyping from dried blood spots (DBS) and to test the hypothesis that the screening of a population at risk increases the detection rate for severe alpha1-Pi deficiency. The accuracy of phenotyping results from DBS was compared to conventional methods in a total of 555 individuals. In a prospective study 1,060 patients with chronic lung disease were screened for alpha1-Pi deficiency using DBS. The validation of the phenotyping method from DBS showed an accuracy of 100%. Out of 1,060 tested patients, none had a severe PiZ deficiency and only 3 had PiSZ, whilst 36 (3.34%) individuals were identified as heterozygous for PiMS and 39 (3.68%) for PiMZ. No patients with severe alpha1-Pi deficiency could be detected in this population and the frequency of PiMS or PiMZ detected was similar to that of the normal population. Thus, the screening of an unselected population of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma patients may not detect a large number of individuals with severe alpha1-Pi deficiency.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
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                Role: ND
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                Journal
                ramer
                Revista americana de medicina respiratoria
                Rev. am. med. respir.
                Asociación Argentina de Medicina Respiratoria (CABA, , Argentina )
                1852-236X
                March 2017
                : 17
                : 1
                : 38-45
                Affiliations
                [02] orgnameClínica Universitaria Reina Fabiola orgdiv1Servicios de Neumonología
                [04] orgnameUCC orgdiv1FM orgdiv2Servicios de Neumonología
                [01] orgnameHospital Tránsito Cáceres de Allende orgdiv1Servicios de Neumonología
                [03] orgnameUNC orgdiv1FCM orgdiv2Servicios de Neumonología
                Article
                S1852-236X2017000100007
                8ed8d378-1320-41c7-b286-01a2a66fcd7f

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 27 December 2016
                : 16 May 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 33, Pages: 8
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                SciELO Argentina


                Déficit de alfa 1 Antitripsina,Cribado,Medición de la concentración de alfa 1 Antitripsina

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