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      Effect of Endocrine Disruptor Pesticides: A Review

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          Abstract

          Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) are compounds that alter the normal functioning of the endocrine system of both wildlife and humans. A huge number of chemicals have been identified as endocrine disruptors, among them several pesticides. Pesticides are used to kill unwanted organisms in crops, public areas, homes and gardens, and parasites in medicine. Human are exposed to pesticides due to their occupations or through dietary and environmental exposure (water, soil, air). For several years, there have been enquiries about the impact of environmental factors on the occurrence of human pathologies. This paper reviews the current knowledge of the potential impacts of endocrine disruptor pesticides on human health.

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          The benefits of pesticides to mankind and the environment

          Jerry Cooper, Hans Dobson (2007)
          Article 0 comments Cited 132 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Differential Effects of Glyphosate and Roundup on Human Placental Cells and Aromatase

            Sophie Mouillet-Richard, Safa Moslemi, Herbert Sipahutar … (2005)
            Roundup is a glyphosate-based herbicide used worldwide, including on most genetically modified plants that have been designed to tolerate it. Its residues may thus enter the food chain, and glyphosate is found as a contaminant in rivers. Some agricultural workers using glyphosate have pregnancy problems, but its mechanism of action in mammals is questioned. Here we show that glyphosate is toxic to human placental JEG3 cells within 18 hr with concentrations lower than those found with agricultural use, and this effect increases with concentration and time or in the presence of Roundup adjuvants. Surprisingly, Roundup is always more toxic than its active ingredient. We tested the effects of glyphosate and Roundup at lower nontoxic concentrations on aromatase, the enzyme responsible for estrogen synthesis. The glyphosate-based herbicide disrupts aromatase activity and mRNA levels and interacts with the active site of the purified enzyme, but the effects of glyphosate are facilitated by the Roundup formulation in microsomes or in cell culture. We conclude that endocrine and toxic effects of Roundup, not just glyphosate, can be observed in mammals. We suggest that the presence of Roundup adjuvants enhances glyphosate bioavailability and/or bioaccumulation.
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              The estrogen receptor relative binding affinities of 188 natural and xenochemicals: structural diversity of ligands.

              R. Blair (2000)
              We have utilized a validated (standardized) estrogen receptor (ER) competitive-binding assay to determine the ER affinity for a large, structurally diverse group of chemicals. Uteri from ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats were the ER source for the competitive-binding assay. Initially, test chemicals were screened at high concentrations to determine whether a chemical competed with [3H]-estradiol for the ER. Test chemicals that exhibited affinity for the ER in the first tier were subsequently assayed using a wide range of concentrations to characterize the binding curve and to determine each chemical's IC50 and relative binding affinity (RBA) values. Overall, we assayed 188 chemicals, covering a 1 x 10(6)-fold range of RBAs from several different chemical or use categories, including steroidal estrogens, synthetic estrogens, antiestrogens, other miscellaneous steroids, alkylphenols, diphenyl derivatives, organochlorines, pesticides, alkylhydroxybenzoate preservatives (parabens), phthalates, benzophenone compounds, and a number of other miscellaneous chemicals. Of the 188 chemicals tested, 100 bound to the ER while 88 were non-binders. Included in the 100 chemicals that bound to the ER were 4-benzyloxyphenol, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, and 2,2'-methylenebis(4-chlorophenol), compounds that have not been shown previously to bind the ER. It was also evident that certain structural features, such as an overall ring structure, were important for ER binding. The current study provides the most structurally diverse ER RBA data set with the widest range of RBA values published to date.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Journal ID (publisher-id): 101238455
                Title: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
                Publisher: Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)
                ISSN (Print): 1661-7827
                ISSN (Electronic): 1660-4601
                Publication date (Print): June 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 17 June 2011
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 2265-2303
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Laboratoire de Biochimie, Unité de Recherche 02/UR/09-01, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie, de Monastir, BP 74, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia; E-Mails: w_mnif@ 123456yahoo.fr (W.M.); aziza.hadjhassine@ 123456gmail.com (A.I.H.H); w_bouaziz.aicha@ 123456yahoo.fr (A.B.);
                [2 ] Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Sidi Thabet, Pole Technologie Sidi Thabet, 2020 Ariana, Tunisia
                [3 ] Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 1759, 31982, Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia; E-Mail: bartagi_fsm@ 123456yahoo.com
                [4 ] Environment and Health Research laboratory (LERES), Advanced School of Public Health (EHESP), Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard - CS 74312, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; E-Mail: olivier.thomas@ 123456ehesp.fr (O.T.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: benoit.roig@ 123456ehesp.fr ; Tel.: +33-786-284-551; Fax: +33-299-022-921.
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijerph-08-02265
                DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8062265
                PMC ID: 3138025
                PubMed ID: 21776230
                SO-VID: 8edd2fbf-f935-455d-be91-a0e4e0401e73
                Copyright © © 2011 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 20 May 2011
                Date revision received : 8 June 2011
                Date accepted : 9 June 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: human effect,biomonitoring,endocrine disruptors,pesticides
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: human effect, biomonitoring, endocrine disruptors, pesticides

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