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      Experimental Infection and Response to Rechallenge of Alpacas with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus

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          Abstract

          We conducted a challenge/rechallenge trial in which 3 alpacas were infected with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. The alpacas shed virus at challenge but were refractory to further shedding at rechallenge on day 21. The trial indicates that alpacas may be suitable models for infection and shedding dynamics of this virus.

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          Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia.

          Theo M. Bestebroer, Albert Osterhaus, Sander van Boheemen … (2012)
          A previously unknown coronavirus was isolated from the sputum of a 60-year-old man who presented with acute pneumonia and subsequent renal failure with a fatal outcome in Saudi Arabia. The virus (called HCoV-EMC) replicated readily in cell culture, producing cytopathic effects of rounding, detachment, and syncytium formation. The virus represents a novel betacoronavirus species. The closest known relatives are bat coronaviruses HKU4 and HKU5. Here, the clinical data, virus isolation, and molecular identification are presented. The clinical picture was remarkably similar to that of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003 and reminds us that animal coronaviruses can cause severe disease in humans.
          Article 0 comments Cited 3035 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Clinical features and virological analysis of a case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection

            Christian Drosten, Michael Seilmaier, Victor M Corman … (2013)
            Summary Background The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is an emerging virus involved in cases and case clusters of severe acute respiratory infection in the Arabian Peninsula, Tunisia, Morocco, France, Italy, Germany, and the UK. We provide a full description of a fatal case of MERS-CoV infection and associated phylogenetic analyses. Methods We report data for a patient who was admitted to the Klinikum Schwabing (Munich, Germany) for severe acute respiratory infection. We did diagnostic RT-PCR and indirect immunofluorescence. From time of diagnosis, respiratory, faecal, and urine samples were obtained for virus quantification. We constructed a maximum likelihood tree of the five available complete MERS-CoV genomes. Findings A 73-year-old man from Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, was transferred to Klinikum Schwabing on March 19, 2013, on day 11 of illness. He had been diagnosed with multiple myeloma in 2008, and had received several lines of treatment. The patient died on day 18, due to septic shock. MERS-CoV was detected in two samples of bronchoalveolar fluid. Viral loads were highest in samples from the lower respiratory tract (up to 1·2 × 106 copies per mL). Maximum virus concentration in urine samples was 2691 RNA copies per mL on day 13; the virus was not present in the urine after renal failure on day 14. Stool samples obtained on days 12 and 16 contained the virus, with up to 1031 RNA copies per g (close to the lowest detection limit of the assay). One of two oronasal swabs obtained on day 16 were positive, but yielded little viral RNA (5370 copies per mL). No virus was detected in blood. The full virus genome was combined with four other available full genome sequences in a maximum likelihood phylogeny, correlating branch lengths with dates of isolation. The time of the common ancestor was halfway through 2011. Addition of novel genome data from an unlinked case treated 6 months previously in Essen, Germany, showed a clustering of viruses derived from Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. Interpretation We have provided the first complete viral load profile in a case of MERS-CoV infection. MERS-CoV might have shedding patterns that are different from those of severe acute respiratory syndrome and so might need alternative diagnostic approaches. Funding European Union; German Centre for Infection Research; German Research Council; and German Ministry for Education and Research.
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              MERS Coronavirus in Dromedary Camel Herd, Saudi Arabia

              Maged Hemida, Daniel Chu, Leo Poon … (2014)
              A prospective study of a dromedary camel herd during the 2013–14 calving season showed Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection of calves and adults. Virus was isolated from the nose and feces but more frequently from the nose. Preexisting neutralizing antibody did not appear to protect against infection.
              Article 0 comments Cited 171 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Emerg Infect Dis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Emerging Infect. Dis
                Journal ID (publisher-id): EID
                Title: Emerging Infectious Diseases
                Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                ISSN (Print): 1080-6040
                ISSN (Electronic): 1080-6059
                Publication date (Print): June 2016
                Volume: 22
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 1071-1074
                Affiliations
                [1]CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia (G. Crameri, P.A. Durr, R. Klein, A. Foord, M. Yu, S. Riddell, J. Haining, D. Johnson, J. Barr, D. Middleton);
                [2]Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh, Egypt (M.G. Hemida);
                [3]King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia (M.G. Hemida);
                [4]University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (M. Peiris);
                [5]Duke–National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore (L.-F. Wang)
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Peter A. Durr, CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Rd, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia; email: peter.durr@ 123456csiro.au
                Article
                Publisher ID: 16-0007
                DOI: 10.3201/eid2206.160007
                PMC ID: 4880109
                PubMed ID: 27070733
                SO-VID: 8efa314e-71be-491d-9297-add53716e16f
                History
                Categories
                Subject: Dispatch
                Subject: Dispatch
                Subject: Experimental Infection and Response to Rechallenge of Alpacas with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: coronavirus,middle east respiratory syndrome,mers-cov,severe acute respiratory syndrome,sars,camel,alpaca,experimental animal model,infection,rechallenge,shedding,vaccine,viruses,zoonoses
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: coronavirus, middle east respiratory syndrome, mers-cov, severe acute respiratory syndrome, sars, camel, alpaca, experimental animal model, infection, rechallenge, shedding, vaccine, viruses, zoonoses

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