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      Una visión global de las reacciones adversas a alimentos: alergia e intolerancia alimentaria Translated title: A global vision of adverse reactions to foods: food allergy and food intolerance

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          Abstract

          Resumen En estos últimos años se ha evidenciado un aumento de las reacciones adversas a alimentos, probablemente asociadas a los cambios en el estilo de vida producidos en las últimas décadas. Una reacción adversa a alimentos es cualquier respuesta clínicamente anormal que puede atribuirse a la ingestión, contacto o inhalación de un alimento, de sus derivados o de uno de sus aditivos. Pueden clasificarse en alergia o intolerancia alimentaria. Las alergias alimentarias suelen tener un componente inmunológico generalmente asociado a inmunoglobulina E (IgE). Las reacciones adversas a alimentos tienen una gran repercusión tanto clínica como social y perjudican la calidad de vida de los pacientes y, en algunos casos, resultan fatales, de ahí que se implique directamente a los servicios de restauración colectiva y de manufacturación de alimentos para su correcto manejo. Los alimentos más alérgenos cambian según el grupo etario. La alergia al huevo es la más frecuente en menores de 5 años y a las frutas frescas, en los mayores de 5 años. Las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes son de tipo cutáneo-mucosas. Las intolerancias alimentarias pueden deberse a un mecanismo farmacológico, metabólico, mixto o idiosincrático, pero no inmunológico. Las manifestaciones clínicas suelen ser dosis dependientes, mientras que las alérgicas son dosis independientes. La intolerancia alimentaria más frecuente y conocida es la intolerancia a la lactosa, que es de tipo metabólica. El tratamiento principal para ambos tipos de reacciones adversas a alimentos consiste en evitar el alimento que causa de la reacción.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Over the last years, there has been an increase in adverse food reactions, probably associated with life style changes in the past decades. An adverse food reaction is any clinically abnormal response that can be attributed to ingestion, contact or inhalation of a food, its derivatives or an additive contained in it. They can be classified as food allergy or intolerance. Food allergies are usually immune-mediated, associated with IgE. Adverse reactions to food have a large clinical and social repercussion, which can be fatal in some cases and impair the quality of life of patients. This implies directly the services of collective catering and food manufacturing, which is why a legislature and regulations were implemented for its correct management. The most allergenic foods change according to the age group; being the egg the most frequent in children under 5 years, and fresh fruits in the older than 5 years. The most frequent clinical manifestations are cutaneous-mucous type. Food intolerances may be due to a pharmacological, metabolic, mixed or idiosyncratic mechanism. Clinical manifestations are usually dose dependent. The most common and known food intolerance is lactose, which is a metabolic type. The main treatment of both types of adverse reaction to foods is avoidance of the causal food of the reaction.

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          Histamine and histamine intolerance.

          Histamine intolerance results from a disequilibrium of accumulated histamine and the capacity for histamine degradation. Histamine is a biogenic amine that occurs to various degrees in many foods. In healthy persons, dietary histamine can be rapidly detoxified by amine oxidases, whereas persons with low amine oxidase activity are at risk of histamine toxicity. Diamine oxidase (DAO) is the main enzyme for the metabolism of ingested histamine. It has been proposed that DAO, when functioning as a secretory protein, may be responsible for scavenging extracellular histamine after mediator release. Conversely, histamine N-methyltransferase, the other important enzyme inactivating histamine, is a cytosolic protein that can convert histamine only in the intracellular space of cells. An impaired histamine degradation based on reduced DAO activity and the resulting histamine excess may cause numerous symptoms mimicking an allergic reaction. The ingestion of histamine-rich food or of alcohol or drugs that release histamine or block DAO may provoke diarrhea, headache, rhinoconjunctival symptoms, asthma, hypotension, arrhythmia, urticaria, pruritus, flushing, and other conditions in patients with histamine intolerance. Symptoms can be reduced by a histamine-free diet or be eliminated by antihistamines. However, because of the multifaceted nature of the symptoms, the existence of histamine intolerance has been underestimated, and further studies based on double-blind, placebo-controlled provocations are needed. In patients in whom the abovementioned symptoms are triggered by the corresponding substances and who have a negative diagnosis of allergy or internal disorders, histamine intolerance should be considered as an underlying pathomechanism.
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            A revised nomenclature for allergy: An EAACI position statement from the EAACI nomenclature task force

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              Biology and treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis.

              Eosinophilic esophagitis is a recently recognized but expanding disorder characterized by antigen-driven eosinophil accumulation in the esophagus. Symptoms frequently mimic those of gastroesophageal reflux disease, but the diseases are distinct in their histopathology, gene expression signature, response to therapy, hereditary risk, and association with allergies. The pathogenesis of eosinophilic esophagitis involves environmental and genetic factors, particularly food antigens and expression level of the eosinophil chemoattractant eotaxin-3, respectively. Analyses of gene expression signatures and animal models have indicated the importance of adaptive T-cell immunity that involves interleukin-5 and interleukin-13-induced esophageal epithelial cell responses. Symptoms, dysregulation of esophageal gene expression, and pathology are largely reversible following reduced exposure to specific food antigens as well as anti-inflammatory therapy, but chronic treatment is necessary to prevent relapse. Therefore, eosinophilic esophagitis is a disease with unique features that include chronic esophagitis, atopy, immune sensitization to oral antigens, reversibility, and familial association.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                2018
                : 35
                : spe4
                : 102-108
                Affiliations
                [1] Madrid Madrid orgnameUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid orgdiv1Hospital Universitario La Paz. IdiPAZ. Madrid orgdiv2Unidad de Nutrición Clínica y Dietética Spain
                Article
                S0212-16112018000700102 S0212-1611(18)03500400102
                10.20960/nh.2134
                30070131
                8f05262a-7e61-4745-a5e8-8cb4b41a4d51

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 28, Pages: 7
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                SciELO Spain

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                Trabajos Originales

                Adverse reaction to foods,Alergia alimentaria,Intolerancia alimentaria,Food allergy,Reacción adversa a alimentos,Food Intolerance

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