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      Thyroid hormone as a temporal switch in mouse development

      review-article
      1 , 1 ,
      European Thyroid Journal
      Bioscientifica Ltd
      thyroid hormone, mouse, postnatal development, metamorphosis

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          Abstract

          Thyroid hormones are known to trigger metamorphosis in an amphibian. This review discusses the hypothesis according to which they act in a similar manner to synchronize the post-natal development of mice, using brain, brown adipose tissue, and heart as examples.

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          Most cited references88

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          Parvalbumin neurons and gamma rhythms enhance cortical circuit performance.

          Synchronized oscillations and inhibitory interneurons have important and interconnected roles within cortical microcircuits. In particular, interneurons defined by the fast-spiking phenotype and expression of the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin have been suggested to be involved in gamma (30-80 Hz) oscillations, which are hypothesized to enhance information processing. However, because parvalbumin interneurons cannot be selectively controlled, definitive tests of their functional significance in gamma oscillations, and quantitative assessment of the impact of parvalbumin interneurons and gamma oscillations on cortical circuits, have been lacking despite potentially enormous significance (for example, abnormalities in parvalbumin interneurons may underlie altered gamma-frequency synchronization and cognition in schizophrenia and autism). Here we use a panel of optogenetic technologies in mice to selectively modulate multiple distinct circuit elements in neocortex, alone or in combination. We find that inhibiting parvalbumin interneurons suppresses gamma oscillations in vivo, whereas driving these interneurons (even by means of non-rhythmic principal cell activity) is sufficient to generate emergent gamma-frequency rhythmicity. Moreover, gamma-frequency modulation of excitatory input in turn was found to enhance signal transmission in neocortex by reducing circuit noise and amplifying circuit signals, including inputs to parvalbumin interneurons. As demonstrated here, optogenetics opens the door to a new kind of informational analysis of brain function, permitting quantitative delineation of the functional significance of individual elements in the emergent operation and function of intact neural circuitry.
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            Driving fast-spiking cells induces gamma rhythm and controls sensory responses.

            Cortical gamma oscillations (20-80 Hz) predict increases in focused attention, and failure in gamma regulation is a hallmark of neurological and psychiatric disease. Current theory predicts that gamma oscillations are generated by synchronous activity of fast-spiking inhibitory interneurons, with the resulting rhythmic inhibition producing neural ensemble synchrony by generating a narrow window for effective excitation. We causally tested these hypotheses in barrel cortex in vivo by targeting optogenetic manipulation selectively to fast-spiking interneurons. Here we show that light-driven activation of fast-spiking interneurons at varied frequencies (8-200 Hz) selectively amplifies gamma oscillations. In contrast, pyramidal neuron activation amplifies only lower frequency oscillations, a cell-type-specific double dissociation. We found that the timing of a sensory input relative to a gamma cycle determined the amplitude and precision of evoked responses. Our data directly support the fast-spiking-gamma hypothesis and provide the first causal evidence that distinct network activity states can be induced in vivo by cell-type-specific activation.
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              Critical period plasticity in local cortical circuits.

              Neuronal circuits in the brain are shaped by experience during 'critical periods' in early postnatal life. In the primary visual cortex, this activity-dependent development is triggered by the functional maturation of local inhibitory connections and driven by a specific, late-developing subset of interneurons. Ultimately, the structural consolidation of competing sensory inputs is mediated by a proteolytic reorganization of the extracellular matrix that occurs only during the critical period. The reactivation of this process, and subsequent recovery of function in conditions such as amblyopia, can now be studied with realistic circuit models that might generalize across systems.

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur Thyroid J
                Eur Thyroid J
                ETJ
                European Thyroid Journal
                Bioscientifica Ltd (Bristol )
                2235-0640
                2235-0802
                30 January 2023
                30 January 2023
                01 April 2023
                : 12
                : 2
                : e220225
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ENS de Lyon , INRAE, CNRS, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Lyon, France
                Author notes
                Correspondence should be addressed to F Flamant: Frederic.flamant@ 123456ens-lyon.fr
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3360-2345
                Article
                ETJ-22-0225
                10.1530/ETJ-22-0225
                10083660
                36715693
                8f1b9cc0-ca0c-44a4-83db-98b06e48fb83
                © the author(s)

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 23 January 2023
                : 30 January 2023
                Categories
                Review

                thyroid hormone,mouse,postnatal development,metamorphosis

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