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      Serious Game-based Psychosocial Intervention to Foster Prosociality in Cyberbullying Bystanders Translated title: La intervención psicosocial mediante juegos serios para fomentar la prosocialidad en los testigos de ciberacoso

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          ABSTRACT

          Bystanders of cyberbullying play an important role in the resolution of such situations and therefore, it is beneficial to promote self-regulation strategies that enable them to engage in prosocial behavior in these contexts. We propose that serious game-based psychosocial interventions with profile-based social agents can encourage prosocial bystander behavior in cyberbullying. A pilot quasi-experimental study with repeated and pre/post measurements was performed. We randomly assigned 194 7th and 8th graders to three conditions, namely experimental condition ( n = 103, M age = 13.91, SD = 1.02, 53.3% male); alternative condition ( n = 37, M age = 14, SD = 0.86, 54.1% female) and control condition ( n = 54, M age = 13.92, SD = 0.85, 50.9% female). An analysis of covariance showed that players revealed higher levels of prosocial assertive behavior when compared to other participants. Through multilevel modelling of longitudinal log-file data, we found that those who did not experience the game tended to interpret the cyberbullying situations more as non-serious, avoid assuming responsibility for intervening, and engage in aggressive behavior toward the victim. Players tended to support more and were less aggressive with victims from their in-group than those from the out-group. Insights for the development of games to promote prosocial behavior in bystanders of cyberbullying are presented.

          RESUMEN

          Los testigos del ciberacoso juegan un importante papel en la resolución de dichas situaciones, lo que es útil para proponer estrategias de autorregulación que les permitan implicarse en comportamientos prosociales en estos contextos. Proponemos que las intervenciones que se sirven de juegos serios con agentes sociales basados en perfiles pueden potenciar el comportamiento prosocial de los testigos de ciberacoso. Se llevó a cabo un estudio piloto cuasiexperimental de medidas repetidas pre/post. Se asignó a 194 alumnos de 7º y 8º a tres condiciones, condición experimental ( n = 103, M edad = 13.91, SD = 1.02, 53.3% varones), condición alternativa ( n = 37, M edad = 14, SD = 0.86, 54.1% mujeres) y condición control ( n = 54, M edad = 13.92, SD = 0.85, 50.9% mujeres). En el análisis de covarianza los jugadores tenían un mayor nivel de comportamiento prosocial asertivo en comparación con otros participantes. En un modelado multinivel de datos longitudinales de archivo quienes no tenían experiencia en el juego tendían a interpretar más las situaciones de ciberacoso como no serias, a evitar asumir la responsabilidad de intervenir y a participar en comportamiento agresivo hacia la víctima. Los jugadores tendían a dar más apoyo y eran menos agresivos con las víctimas de su grupo que con las de otro grupo. Se presentan ideas sobre el desarrollo de juegos que potencien el comportamiento prosocial en testigos de ciberacoso.

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          Most cited references106

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          Social cognitive theory: an agentic perspective.

          The capacity to exercise control over the nature and quality of one's life is the essence of humanness. Human agency is characterized by a number of core features that operate through phenomenal and functional consciousness. These include the temporal extension of agency through intentionality and forethought, self-regulation by self-reactive influence, and self-reflectiveness about one's capabilities, quality of functioning, and the meaning and purpose of one's life pursuits. Personal agency operates within a broad network of sociostructural influences. In these agentic transactions, people are producers as well as products of social systems. Social cognitive theory distinguishes among three modes of agency: direct personal agency, proxy agency that relies on others to act on one's behest to secure desired outcomes, and collective agency exercised through socially coordinative and interdependent effort. Growing transnational embeddedness and interdependence are placing a premium on collective efficacy to exercise control over personal destinies and national life.
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            Machines and Mindlessness: Social Responses to Computers

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              Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide.

              Empirical studies and some high-profile anecdotal cases have demonstrated a link between suicidal ideation and experiences with bullying victimization or offending. The current study examines the extent to which a nontraditional form of peer aggression--cyberbullying--is also related to suicidal ideation among adolescents. In 2007, a random sample of 1,963 middle-schoolers from one of the largest school districts in the United States completed a survey of Internet use and experiences. Youth who experienced traditional bullying or cyberbullying, as either an offender or a victim, had more suicidal thoughts and were more likely to attempt suicide than those who had not experienced such forms of peer aggression. Also, victimization was more strongly related to suicidal thoughts and behaviors than offending. The findings provide further evidence that adolescent peer aggression must be taken seriously both at school and at home, and suggest that a suicide prevention and intervention component is essential within comprehensive bullying response programs implemented in schools.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Interv Psicosoc
                Interv Psicosoc
                inter
                Psychosocial Intervention
                Colegio Oficial de la Psicología de Madrid
                1132-0559
                2173-4712
                13 May 2022
                May 2022
                : 31
                : 2
                : 83-96
                Affiliations
                [a ] orgnameUniversity of Lisbon Lisbon Portugal originalUniversity of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal;
                [c ] orgnameInstituto Superior Técnico orgdiv1GAIPS Porto Salvo Portugal originalInstituto Superior Técnico, INESC-ID, GAIPS, Porto Salvo, Portugal
                Author notes
                Correspondence: paula.ferreira@ 123456campus.ul.pt (P. C. Ferreira)

                Conflict of Interest: The authors of this article declare no conflict of interest.

                Article
                00002
                10.5093/pi2022a5
                10268556
                37360059
                8f23e06b-c6f1-4625-8510-a44b2a144f9e
                Copyright © 2022, Colegio Oficial de la Psicología de Madrid

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial No Derivative License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited and the work is not changed in any way.

                History
                : 16 June 2021
                : 08 February 2022
                : 28 February 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 8, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 90
                Funding
                Funded by: Science and Technology, Portugal
                Award ID: PTDC/PSI-GER/1918/2020
                Funded by: CICPSI
                Funded by: University of Lisbon
                Award ID: UIDB/04527/2020
                Award ID: UIDP/04527/2020
                Funding: This study was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, Portugal [PTDC/PSI-GER/1918/2020] and by CICPSI, Research Centre for Psychological Science of the Faculty of Psychology of the University of Lisbon (UIDB/04527/2020; UIDP/04527/2020).
                Categories
                Research-Article

                cyberbullying bystanders,self-regulation,in-group and out-group social agents,serious games,testigos de ciberacoso,autorregulación,agentes del grupo y fuera del grupo

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