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      Asociación entre lactancia materna y probabilidad de obesidad en la infancia en tres países latinoamericanos Translated title: Association between exclusive breastfeeding and obesity in children: a cross-sectional study of three Latin American countries

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          Abstract

          Resumen Objetivo Determinar si la lactancia materna ≥ 6 meses se asocia con menor sobrepeso y obesidad en niños/as de 2 a 5 años de edad. Método Análisis transversal de datos de encuestas nacionales de demografía y salud de Bolivia, Colombia y Perú. Se definieron sobrepeso y obesidad según los criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se calculó la odds ratio (OR) utilizando regresión logística multinomial. Resultados La prevalencia de obesidad en niños/as de 2 a 5 años fue del 10,4% (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 8,2-12,6) en Bolivia, del 4,9% (IC95%: 4,0-5,8) en Colombia y del 6,4% (IC95%: 5,2-8,0) en Perú. La lactancia materna ≥ 6 meses en la población estudiada fue del 89,9% (IC95%: 87,8-91,9) en Bolivia, del 73,9% (IC95%: 72,2-75,6) en Colombia y del 92,8% (IC95%: 91,2-94,4) en Perú. Se encontró evidencia de asociación entre lactancia materna ≥ 6 meses y menor posibilidad de obesidad en comparación con no lactancia o lactancia < 6 meses para Bolivia (OR = 0,30; IC95%: 0,16-0,57), y una asociación marginal para Colombia (OR = 0,71; IC95%: 0,47-1,06) y Perú (OR = 0,49; IC95%: 0,23-1,04). No hubo evidencia de asociación entre lactancia materna y sobrepeso. Conclusión La lactancia materna ≥ 6 meses está asociada con una menor posibilidad de tener obesidad en niños/as de 2 a 5 años en Bolivia. Este patrón fue similar, pero marginal, para Colombia y Perú.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Objective To determine if breastfeeding for at least the first six months of life is associated with overweight and obesity in children 2 to 5 years old. Method Cross sectional analysis of data from national demographic and health surveys conducted in Bolivia, Colombia and Peru. Overweight and obesity were defined using World Health Organization standard definitions. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated using multinomial logistic regression. Results The prevalence of obesity in children 2 to 5 years old was 10.4% (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 8.2-12.6) in Bolivia, 4.9% in Colombia (95%CI: 4.0-5.8), and 6.4% (95%CI: 5.2-8.0) in Peru. Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding for at least the first 6 months in the study population was 89.9% (95%CI: 87.8-91.9) in Bolivia, 73.9% (95%CI: 72.2-75.6) in Colombia, and 92.8% (95%CI: 91.2-92.4) in Peru. Exclusive breastfeeding was associated with a decreased risk of obesity in children as compared to no breastfeeding or breastfeeding for less than 6 months in Bolivia (OR = .30; 95%CI: .16-.57) and a marginal association in Colombia (OR = .71; 95%CI: .47-1.06) and Peru (OR = .49; 95%CI: 0.23-1.04). No association between breastfeeding and overweight was found. Conclusion Exclusive breastfeeding for at least the first six months of life decreases the risk of obesity in children 2 to 5 years old in Bolivia. A similar but weaker pattern was observed for children in Colombia and Peru.

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          Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128·9 million children, adolescents, and adults

          Summary Background Underweight, overweight, and obesity in childhood and adolescence are associated with adverse health consequences throughout the life-course. Our aim was to estimate worldwide trends in mean body-mass index (BMI) and a comprehensive set of BMI categories that cover underweight to obesity in children and adolescents, and to compare trends with those of adults. Methods We pooled 2416 population-based studies with measurements of height and weight on 128·9 million participants aged 5 years and older, including 31·5 million aged 5–19 years. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1975 to 2016 in 200 countries for mean BMI and for prevalence of BMI in the following categories for children and adolescents aged 5–19 years: more than 2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference for children and adolescents (referred to as moderate and severe underweight hereafter), 2 SD to more than 1 SD below the median (mild underweight), 1 SD below the median to 1 SD above the median (healthy weight), more than 1 SD to 2 SD above the median (overweight but not obese), and more than 2 SD above the median (obesity). Findings Regional change in age-standardised mean BMI in girls from 1975 to 2016 ranged from virtually no change (−0·01 kg/m2 per decade; 95% credible interval −0·42 to 0·39, posterior probability [PP] of the observed decrease being a true decrease=0·5098) in eastern Europe to an increase of 1·00 kg/m2 per decade (0·69–1·35, PP>0·9999) in central Latin America and an increase of 0·95 kg/m2 per decade (0·64–1·25, PP>0·9999) in Polynesia and Micronesia. The range for boys was from a non-significant increase of 0·09 kg/m2 per decade (−0·33 to 0·49, PP=0·6926) in eastern Europe to an increase of 0·77 kg/m2 per decade (0·50–1·06, PP>0·9999) in Polynesia and Micronesia. Trends in mean BMI have recently flattened in northwestern Europe and the high-income English-speaking and Asia-Pacific regions for both sexes, southwestern Europe for boys, and central and Andean Latin America for girls. By contrast, the rise in BMI has accelerated in east and south Asia for both sexes, and southeast Asia for boys. Global age-standardised prevalence of obesity increased from 0·7% (0·4–1·2) in 1975 to 5·6% (4·8–6·5) in 2016 in girls, and from 0·9% (0·5–1·3) in 1975 to 7·8% (6·7–9·1) in 2016 in boys; the prevalence of moderate and severe underweight decreased from 9·2% (6·0–12·9) in 1975 to 8·4% (6·8–10·1) in 2016 in girls and from 14·8% (10·4–19·5) in 1975 to 12·4% (10·3–14·5) in 2016 in boys. Prevalence of moderate and severe underweight was highest in India, at 22·7% (16·7–29·6) among girls and 30·7% (23·5–38·0) among boys. Prevalence of obesity was more than 30% in girls in Nauru, the Cook Islands, and Palau; and boys in the Cook Islands, Nauru, Palau, Niue, and American Samoa in 2016. Prevalence of obesity was about 20% or more in several countries in Polynesia and Micronesia, the Middle East and north Africa, the Caribbean, and the USA. In 2016, 75 (44–117) million girls and 117 (70–178) million boys worldwide were moderately or severely underweight. In the same year, 50 (24–89) million girls and 74 (39–125) million boys worldwide were obese. Interpretation The rising trends in children's and adolescents' BMI have plateaued in many high-income countries, albeit at high levels, but have accelerated in parts of Asia, with trends no longer correlated with those of adults. Funding Wellcome Trust, AstraZeneca Young Health Programme.
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            Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect.

            The importance of breastfeeding in low-income and middle-income countries is well recognised, but less consensus exists about its importance in high-income countries. In low-income and middle-income countries, only 37% of children younger than 6 months of age are exclusively breastfed. With few exceptions, breastfeeding duration is shorter in high-income countries than in those that are resource-poor. Our meta-analyses indicate protection against child infections and malocclusion, increases in intelligence, and probable reductions in overweight and diabetes. We did not find associations with allergic disorders such as asthma or with blood pressure or cholesterol, and we noted an increase in tooth decay with longer periods of breastfeeding. For nursing women, breastfeeding gave protection against breast cancer and it improved birth spacing, and it might also protect against ovarian cancer and type 2 diabetes. The scaling up of breastfeeding to a near universal level could prevent 823,000 annual deaths in children younger than 5 years and 20,000 annual deaths from breast cancer. Recent epidemiological and biological findings from during the past decade expand on the known benefits of breastfeeding for women and children, whether they are rich or poor.
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              The nutrition transition: worldwide obesity dynamics and their determinants.

              This paper explores the major changes in diet and physical activity patterns around the world and focuses on shifts in obesity. Review of results focusing on large-scale surveys and nationally representative studies of diet, activity, and obesity among adults and children. Youth and adults from a range of countries around the world. The International Obesity Task Force guidelines for defining overweight and obesity are used for youth and the body mass index > or =25 kg/m(2) and 30 cutoffs are used, respectively, for adults. The nutrition transition patterns are examined from the time period termed the receding famine pattern to one dominated by nutrition-related noncommunicable diseases (NR-NCDs). The speed of dietary and activity pattern shifts is great, particularly in the developing world, resulting in major shifts in obesity on a worldwide basis. Data limitations force us to examine data on obesity trends in adults to provide a broader sense of changes in obesity over time, and then to examine the relatively fewer studies on youth. Specifically, this work provides a sense of change both in the United States, Europe, and the lower- and middle-income countries of Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America. The paper shows that changes are occurring at great speed and at earlier stages of the economic and social development of each country. The burden of obesity is shifting towards the poor.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                gs
                Gaceta Sanitaria
                Gac Sanit
                Sociedad Española de Salud Pública y Administración Sanitaria (SESPAS) (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                0213-9111
                April 2021
                : 35
                : 2
                : 168-176
                Affiliations
                [6] Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais orgnameUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais orgdiv1Escola de Enfermagem orgdiv2Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health Brazil
                [1] Lima Lima orgnameUniversidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia orgdiv1Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración Carlos Vidal Layseca Peru
                [2] orgnameNAMRU-6 orgdiv1Ex Beca Naval Medical Research Unit US
                [7] Lima Lima orgnameUniversidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado Peru
                [3] Lima Lima orgnameUniversidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia orgdiv1CRONICAS Centro de Excelencia de Enfermedades Crónicas Peru
                [4] Lima orgnameMinisterio de Educación Perú
                [5] St Louis orgnameWashington University in St. Louis orgdiv1Institute for Public Health orgdiv2Program of Physical Therapy and Department of Surgery
                Article
                S0213-91112021000200168 S0213-9111(21)03500200168
                10.1016/j.gaceta.2019.09.002
                31787405
                8f286da7-29cf-4f5f-ac79-acb5408d540a

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 04 September 2019
                : 05 February 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 34, Pages: 9
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                SciELO Spain

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                Lactancia materna,Overweight,Obesity,Children,Breastfeeding,Sobrepeso,Obesidad,Niños

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