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      Gammapatías monoclonales de significado renal Translated title: Monoclonal gammopathies of renal significance

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          Abstract

          Resumen Bajo el término gammapatías monoclonales de significado renal (GMSR) se engloban un conjunto de enfermedades que se caracterizan patogénicamente por la proliferación de un clon de linfocitos B o células plasmáticas que sintetizan y segregan una inmunoglobulina monoclonal o uno de sus componentes (cadenas ligeras o pesadas), con capacidad para depositarse y producir daño a nivel glomerular, tubular, intersticial o vascular. La importancia de discriminar el término GMSR radica en poder indicar procedimientos diagnósticos y terapéuticos dirigidos al control de la síntesis y secreción de las proteínas monoclonales independientemente de los criterios clásicos vinculados con la expansión tumoral maligna. La patología renal asociada a las GMSR es muy heterogénea, lo que confiere a la biopsia renal una consideración de prueba diagnóstica clave. La correcta investigación diagnóstica de una GMSR debe incluir, además, la identificación en plasma u orina de la proteína monoclonal y un estudio hematológico completo que determine la naturaleza y extensión del clon celular. Los avances en el conocimiento de estas entidades han permitido mejorar el curso evolutivo y la supervivencia en varias formas de GMSR, aunque son necesarios más estudios y experiencia clínica para delinear protocolos terapéuticos más efectivos. En la presente revisión se resumen las principales características clínico-patológicas de las GMSR, se detalla la aproximación diagnóstica más adecuada, así como las opciones terapéuticas disponibles en el momento actual.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract The term monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS) comprises a group of diseases pathogenetically characterised by proliferation of a B-cell or plasma cell clone that synthesises and secretes a monoclonal immunoglobulin or its components (light and/or heavy chains), that may deposit and cause glomerular, tubular, interstitial and/or vascular damage. The importance of differentiating the term MGRS from other monoclonal gammopathies lies in the fact that diagnostic and therapeutic procedures aimed at controlling monoclonal protein synthesis and secretion can be indicated, irrespective of the classic criteria based on malignant tumour expansion. Renal pathology associated with MGRS is highly heterogeneous, and therefore renal biopsy should be considered a key diagnostic tool. A precise diagnostic approach, however, must also identify the monoclonal protein in plasma and/or in urine, together with a complete haematological study in order to determine the nature and extension of cell clones. Recent advances in the understanding of these entities have resulted in significant improvements in clinical course and survival in several forms of MGRS, although more studies and clinical experience are needed in order to delineate more effective therapeutic strategies. In this review, we summarise the main clinical and pathological features of MGRS, highlighting the most appropriate diagnostic approach and current therapeutic options.

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          Most cited references113

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          POEMS syndrome: definitions and long-term outcome.

          The POEMS syndrome (coined to refer to polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M protein, and skin changes) remains poorly understood. Ambiguity exists over the features necessary to establish the diagnosis, treatment efficacy, and prognosis. We identified 99 patients with POEMS syndrome. Minimal criteria were a sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy and evidence of a monoclonal plasmaproliferative disorder. To distinguish POEMS from neuropathy associated with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, additional criteria were included: a bone lesion, Castleman disease, organomegaly (or lymphadenopathy), endocrinopathy, edema (peripheral edema, ascites, or effusions), and skin changes. The median age at presentation was 51 years; 63% were men. Median survival was 165 months. With the exception of fingernail clubbing (P =.03) and extravascular volume overload (P =.04), no presenting feature, including the number of presenting features, was predictive of survival. Response to therapy (P <.001) was predictive of survival. Pulmonary hypertension, renal failure, thrombotic events, and congestive heart failure were observed and appear to be part of the syndrome. In 18 patients (18%), new disease manifestations developed over time. More than 50% of patients had a response to radiation, and 22% to 50% had responses to prednisone and a combination of melphalan and prednisone, respectively. We conclude that the median survival of patients with POEMS syndrome is 165 months, independent of the number of syndrome features, bone lesions, or plasma cells at diagnosis. Additional features of the syndrome often develop, but the complications of classic multiple myeloma rarely develop.
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            Proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal IgG deposits.

            Dysproteinemias that result in monoclonal glomerular deposits of IgG are relatively uncommon. Here, we report the largest series of proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal IgG deposits, a form of renal involvement by monoclonal gammopathy that mimics immune-complex glomerulonephritis. We retrospectively identified 37 patients, most of whom were white (81%), female (62%), or older than 50 yr (65%). At presentation, 49% had nephrotic syndrome, 68% had renal insufficiency, and 77% had hematuria. In 30% of the patients, we identified a monoclonal serum protein with the same heavy- and light-chain isotypes as the glomerular deposits (mostly IgG1 or IgG2), but only one patient had myeloma. Histologic patterns were predominantly membranoproliferative (57%) or endocapillary proliferative (35%) with membranous features. Electron microscopy revealed granular, nonorganized deposits, and immunofluorescence demonstrated glomerular deposits that stained for a single light-chain isotype and a single heavy-chain subtype, most commonly IgG3kappa (53%). During an average of 30.3 mo of follow-up for 32 patients with available data, 38% had complete or partial recovery, 38% had persistent renal dysfunction, and 22% progressed to ESRD. Correlates of ESRD on univariate analysis were higher creatinine at biopsy, percentage of glomerulosclerosis, and degree of interstitial fibrosis but not immunomodulatory treatment or presence of a monoclonal spike. On multivariate analysis, higher percentage of glomerulosclerosis was the only independent predictor of ESRD. Only one patient lacking a monoclonal spike at presentation subsequently developed a monoclonal spike and no patient with a monoclonal spike at presentation subsequently developed a hematologic malignancy. We conclude that proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal IgG deposits does not seem to be a precursor of myeloma in the vast majority of patients.
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              How I treat monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS).

              Recently, the term monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS) was introduced to distinguish monoclonal gammopathies that result in the development of kidney disease from those that are benign. By definition, patients with MGRS have B-cell clones that do not meet the definition of multiple myeloma or lymphoma. Nevertheless, these clones produce monoclonal proteins that are capable of injuring the kidney resulting in permanent damage. Except for immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis with heart involvement in which death can be rapid, treatment of MGRS is often indicated more to preserve kidney function and prevent recurrence after kidney transplantation rather than the prolongation of life. Clinical trials are rare for MGRS-related kidney diseases, except in immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis. Treatment recommendations are therefore based on the clinical data obtained from treatment of the clonal disorder in its malignant state. The establishment of these treatment recommendations is important until data can be obtained by clinical trials of MGRS-related kidney diseases.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                nefrologia
                Nefrología (Madrid)
                Nefrología (Madr.)
                Sociedad Española de Nefrología (Cantabria, Santander, Spain )
                0211-6995
                1989-2284
                October 2017
                : 37
                : 5
                : 465-477
                Affiliations
                [1] Madrid orgnameHospital Universitario 12 de Octubre orgdiv1Servicio de Nefrología España
                [2] Madrid orgnameHospital Ruber Juan Bravo orgdiv1Servicio de Nefrología España
                Article
                S0211-69952017000500465
                10.1016/j.nefro.2017.03.012
                28946960
                8f32f973-a67c-49ea-95cd-aa5977ae1baa

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 14 March 2017
                : 16 December 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 133, Pages: 13
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                Proteína monoclonal,Gammapatía monoclonal de significado renal,Glomerulonefritis,Chronic kidney disease,Glomerulonephritis,Monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance,Monoclonal protein,Enfermedad renal crónica

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