Prevalence of overweight, obesity, abdominal obesity and obesity-related risk factors in southern China

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Abstract

Objectives

The purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence of overweight/obesity, abdominal obesity and obesity-related risk factors in southern China.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey of 15,364 participants aged 15 years and older was conducted from November 2013 to August 2014 in Jiangxi Province, China, using questionnaire forms and physical measurements. The physical measurements included body height, weight, waist circumference (WC), body fat percentage (BFP) and visceral adipose index (VAI). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the risk factors for overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity.

Results

The prevalence of overweight was 25.8% (25.9% in males and 25.7% in females), while that of obesity was 7.9% (8.4% in males and 7.6% in females). The prevalence of abdominal obesity was 10.2% (8.6% in males and 11.3% in females). The prevalence of overweight/obesity was 37.1% in urban residents and 30.2% in rural residents, and this difference was significant ( P < 0.001). Urban residents had a significantly higher prevalence of abdominal obesity than rural residents (11.6% vs 8.7%, P < 0.001). Among the participants with an underweight/normal body mass index (BMI), 1.3% still had abdominal obesity, 16.1% had a high BFP and 1.0% had a high VAI. Moreover, among obese participants, 9.7% had a low /normal WC, 0.8% had a normal BFP and 15.9% had a normal VAI. Meanwhile, the partial correlation analysis indicated that the correlation coefficients between VAI and BMI, VAI and WC, and BMI and WC were 0.700, 0.666, and 0.721, respectively. A multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that being female and having a high BFP and a high VAI were significantly associated with an increased risk of overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity. In addition, living in an urban area and older age correlated with overweight/obesity.

Conclusion

This study revealed that obesity and abdominal obesity, which differed by gender and age, are epidemic in southern China. Moreover, there was a very high, significant, positive correlation between WC, BMI and VAI. However, further studies are needed to explore which indicator of body fat could be used as the best marker to indirectly reflect cardiometabolic risk.

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Most cited references 26

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The obesity epidemic in the United States--gender, age, socioeconomic, racial/ethnic, and geographic characteristics: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis.

Youfa Wang, May Beydoun (2007)

This review of the obesity epidemic provides a comprehensive description of the current situation, time trends, and disparities across gender, age, socioeconomic status, racial/ethnic groups, and geographic regions in the United States based on national data. The authors searched studies published between 1990 and 2006. Adult overweight and obesity were defined by using body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) cutpoints of 25 and 30, respectively; childhood "at risk for overweight" and overweight were defined as the 85th and 95th percentiles of body mass index. Average annual increase in and future projections for prevalence were estimated by using linear regression models. Among adults, obesity prevalence increased from 13% to 32% between the 1960s and 2004. Currently, 66% of adults are overweight or obese; 16% of children and adolescents are overweight and 34% are at risk of overweight. Minority and low-socioeconomic-status groups are disproportionately affected at all ages. Annual increases in prevalence ranged from 0.3 to 0.9 percentage points across groups. By 2015, 75% of adults will be overweight or obese, and 41% will be obese. In conclusion, obesity has increased at an alarming rate in the United States over the past three decades. The associations of obesity with gender, age, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status are complex and dynamic. Related population-based programs and policies are needed.

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Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001.

Ali Mokdad, Earl S. Ford, Barbara BOWMAN … (2003)

Obesity and diabetes are increasing in the United States. To estimate the prevalence of obesity and diabetes among US adults in 2001. Random-digit telephone survey of 195 005 adults aged 18 years or older residing in all states participating in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System in 2001. Body mass index, based on self-reported weight and height and self-reported diabetes. In 2001 the prevalence of obesity (BMI > or =30) was 20.9% vs 19.8% in 2000, an increase of 5.6%. The prevalence of diabetes increased to 7.9% vs 7.3% in 2000, an increase of 8.2%. The prevalence of BMI of 40 or higher in 2001 was 2.3%. Overweight and obesity were significantly associated with diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, asthma, arthritis, and poor health status. Compared with adults with normal weight, adults with a BMI of 40 or higher had an odds ratio (OR) of 7.37 (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.39-8.50) for diagnosed diabetes, 6.38 (95% CI, 5.67-7.17) for high blood pressure, 1.88 (95% CI,1.67-2.13) for high cholesterol levels, 2.72 (95% CI, 2.38-3.12) for asthma, 4.41 (95% CI, 3.91-4.97) for arthritis, and 4.19 (95% CI, 3.68-4.76) for fair or poor health. Increases in obesity and diabetes among US adults continue in both sexes, all ages, all races, all educational levels, and all smoking levels. Obesity is strongly associated with several major health risk factors.

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Abdominal obesity and the risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality: sixteen years of follow-up in US women.

Cuilin Zhang, Kathryn Rexrode, Rob van Dam … (2008)

Accumulating evidence indicates that abdominal adiposity is positively related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and some other diseases independently of overall adiposity. However, the association of premature death resulting from these diseases with abdominal adiposity has not been widely studied, and findings are inconsistent. In a prospective cohort study of 44,636 women in the Nurses' Health Study, associations of abdominal adiposity with all-cause and cause-specific mortality were examined. During 16 years of follow-up, 3507 deaths were identified, including 751 cardiovascular deaths and 1748 cancer deaths. After adjustment for body mass index and potential confounders, the relative risks across the lowest to the highest waist circumference quintiles were 1.00, 1.11, 1.17, 1.31, and 1.79 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.47 to 1.98) for all-cause mortality; 1.00, 1.04, 1.04, 1.28, and 1.99 (95% CI, 1.44 to 2.73) for CVD mortality; and 1.00, 1.18, 1.20, 1.34, and 1.63 (95% CI, 1.32 to 2.01) for cancer mortality (all P or = 88 cm was 3.02 (95% CI, 1.31 to 6.99) and for waist-to-hip ratio > 0.88 was 3.45 (95% CI, 2.02 to 6.92). After adjustment for waist circumference, hip circumference was significantly and inversely associated with CVD mortality. Anthropometric measures of abdominal adiposity were strongly and positively associated with all-cause, CVD, and cancer mortality independently of body mass index. Elevated waist circumference was associated with significantly increased CVD mortality even among normal-weight women.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Lihua Hu: Role: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draft

Xiao Huang: Role: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: SoftwareRole: Validation

Chunjiao You: Role: InvestigationRole: Validation

Juxiang Li: Role: Project administrationRole: Validation

Kui Hong: Role: InvestigationRole: Project administrationRole: Validation

Ping Li: Role: Project administrationRole: Validation

Yanqing Wu: Role: Project administrationRole: Validation

Qinhua Wu: Role: Project administrationRole: Validation

Zengwu Wang: Role: Funding acquisitionRole: Project administration

Runlin Gao: Role: Funding acquisitionRole: Project administration

Huihui Bao: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing

Xiaoshu Cheng:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7445-1988

Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing

Yan Li: Role: Editor

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE

Journal ID (publisher-id): plos

Journal ID (pmc): plosone

Title: PLoS ONE

Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )

ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203

Publication date (Electronic): 14 September 2017

Publication date Collection: 2017

Volume: 12

Issue: 9

Electronic Location Identifier: e0183934

Affiliations

[1 ] Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang of Jiangxi, China

[2 ] Division of Prevention and Community Health, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

[3 ] Fuwai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, CHINA

Author notes

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

* E-mail: xiaoshumenfan126@ 123456163.com (XSC); huihui_bao77@ 123456126.com (HHB)

Author information

Xiaoshu Cheng http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7445-1988

Article

Publisher ID: PONE-D-17-08624

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183934

PMC ID: 5598943

PubMed ID: 28910301

SO-VID: 8f4040bb-fb8a-4edd-811f-34efc4b9ceef

License:

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

History

Date received : 20 April 2017

Date accepted : 14 August 2017

Page count

Figures: 2, Tables: 4, Pages: 14

Funding

Funded by: the National Key R&D Program in the Twelfth Five-year Plan from the Chinese Ministry of Science

Award ID: 2011BAI11B01

Award Recipient :

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7445-1988

Xiaoshu Cheng

Funded by: Technology and National Natural Science Foundation of China

Award ID: 81260023

Award Recipient :

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7445-1988

Xiaoshu Cheng

Funded by: Technology and National Natural Science Foundation of China

Award ID: 81560051

Award Recipient :

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7445-1988

Xiaoshu Cheng

This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program in the Twelfth Five-year Plan (no. 2011BAI11B01 and 2014ZX09303305) from the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology and National Natural Science Foundation of China (81260023, and 81560051). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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Prevalence of overweight, obesity, abdominal obesity and obesity-related risk factors in southern China

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Abstract

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Most cited references 26

The obesity epidemic in the United States--gender, age, socioeconomic, racial/ethnic, and geographic characteristics: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis.

Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001.

Abdominal obesity and the risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality: sixteen years of follow-up in US women.

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