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      Genome Sequencing and Analysis of Thraustochytriidae sp. SZU445 Provides Novel Insights into the Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Pathway

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          Abstract

          Thraustochytriidae sp. have broadly gained attention as a prospective resource for the production of omega-3 fatty acids production in significant quantities. In this study, the whole genome of Thraustochytriidae sp. SZU445, which produces high levels of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), was sequenced and subjected to protein annotation. The obtained clean reads (63.55 Mb in total) were assembled into 54 contigs and 25 scaffolds, with maximum and minimum lengths of 400 and 0.0054 Mb, respectively. A total of 3513 genes (24.84%) were identified, which could be classified into six pathways and 44 pathway groups, of which 68 genes (1.93%) were involved in lipid metabolism. In the Gene Ontology database, 22,436 genes were annotated as cellular component (8579 genes, 38.24%), molecular function (5236 genes, 23.34%), and biological process (8621 genes, 38.42%). Four enzymes corresponding to the classic fatty acid synthase (FAS) pathway and three enzymes corresponding to the classic polyketide synthase (PKS) pathway were identified in Thraustochytriidae sp. SZU445. Although PKS pathway-associated dehydratase and isomerase enzymes were not detected in Thraustochytriidae sp. SZU445, a putative DHA- and DPA-specific fatty acid pathway was identified.

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          Most cited references49

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          Production of polyunsaturated fatty acids by polyketide synthases in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

          Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential membrane components in higher eukaryotes and are the precursors of many lipid-derived signaling molecules. Here, pathways for PUFA synthesis are described that do not require desaturation and elongation of saturated fatty acids. These pathways are catalyzed by polyketide synthases (PKSs) that are distinct from previously recognized PKSs in both structure and mechanism. Generation of cis double bonds probably involves position-specific isomerases; such enzymes might be useful in the production of new families of antibiotics. It is likely that PUFA synthesis in cold marine ecosystems is accomplished in part by these PKS enzymes.
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            Mechanisms of action of docosahexaenoic acid in the nervous system.

            This review describes (from both the animal and human literature) the biological consequences of losses in nervous system docosahexaenoate (DHA). It then concentrates on biological mechanisms that may serve to explain changes in brain and retinal function. Brief consideration is given to actions of DHA as a nonesterified fatty acid and as a docosanoid or other bioactive molecule. The role of DHA-phospholipids in regulating G-protein signaling is presented in the context of studies with rhodopsin. It is clear that the visual pigment responds to the degree of unsaturation of the membrane lipids. At the cell biological level, DHA is shown to have a protective role in a cell culture model of apoptosis in relation to its effects in increasing cellular phosphatidylserine (PS); also, the loss of DHA leads to a loss in PS. Thus, through its effects on PS, DHA may play an important role in the regulation of cell signaling and in cell proliferation. Finally, progress has been made recently in nuclear magnetic resonance studies to delineate differences in molecular structure and order in biomembranes due to subtle changes in the degree of phospholipid unsaturation.
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              The essentiality of long chain n-3 fatty acids in relation to development and function of the brain and retina

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Mar Drugs
                Mar Drugs
                marinedrugs
                Marine Drugs
                MDPI
                1660-3397
                18 February 2020
                February 2020
                : 18
                : 2
                : 118
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; staruny9562@ 123456163.com (X.Z.); sfli@ 123456szu.edu.cn (S.L.); liangxuliu@ 123456icloud.com (L.L.); siting.li@ 123456aut.ac.nz (S.L.); lyanqingl87@ 123456163.com (Y.L.); LVCHU0510@ 123456163.com (C.L.); 17612760955@ 123456163.com (B.W.)
                [2 ]Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
                [3 ]Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
                [4 ]School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; chkcheng@ 123456cuhk.edu.hk
                [5 ]Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; chpsysu@ 123456hotmail.com
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: yangxw@ 123456szu.edu.cn
                [†]

                Co-first author.

                Article
                marinedrugs-18-00118
                10.3390/md18020118
                7073664
                32085426
                8f40870a-8c5f-4eeb-aa9b-4827577bd417
                © 2020 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 23 December 2019
                : 14 February 2020
                Categories
                Article

                Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                whole-genome sequencing,docosahexaenoic acid (dha),polyunsaturated fatty acid,fatty acid synthesis pathway,polyketide synthase pathway

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