Insegurança alimentar moderada e grave em famílias integradas por pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids: validação da escala e fatores associados

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Abstract

Resumo Grupos populacionais vulneráveis, como pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids (PVHA), podem ter alta prevalência de Insegurança Alimentar (IA). Estudo seccional avaliou a validade interna da escala EBIA e mediu a prevalência de IA em amostra de 796 PVHA em João Pessoa (PB). A validação foi feita por análise de Rasch. Testou-se a associação da insegurança alimentar com características sociodemográficas e clínicas com o teste qui-quadrado. Variáveis associadas foram incluídas em um modelo de regressão múltipla de Poisson. EBIA apresentou validade em PVHA com ajuste dentro dos limites esperados e severidade dos itens respeitando o modelo teórico e identificou 66,5% de IA na amostra (30,8% IA leve, 18,1% IA moderada e 17,6% IA grave). Insegurança alimentar moderada ou grave estiveram associadas à idade menor que 43 anos (RP = 1,49; IC95%: 1,14 – 1,86), escolaridade fundamental (RP = 1,64; IC95%: 1,24 – 2,17), renda per capita menor que ½ salário mínimo (RP = 1,83; IC95%: 1,37 – 2,44), falta de ocupação (RP = 1,59; IC95%: 1,16 – 2,19) e domicílios compostos somente por adultos com a pessoa de referência do sexo feminino (RP = 2,19; IC95%: 1,45 – 3,31). As PVHA estudadas apresentam alta prevalência de IA piorando suas condições de vida podendo agravar os problemas de saúde vivenciados por este grupo.

Translated abstract

Abstract Vulnerable population groups, including people living with HIV/Aids (PLHA), may have a high prevalence of food insecurity (FI). A cross-sectional study evaluated the internal validity of the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale (Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar – EBIA) and measured the prevalence of FI in a sample of 796 PLHA in João Pessoa, Paraíba State (PB). The validation was performed using a Rasch analysis. The association of FI with sociodemographic and clinical characteristics was assessed using the chi-square test. Associated variables were included in a Poisson multiple regression model. The EBIA was valid for PLHA with fit values within the expected limits and item severity conforming to the theoretical model. The EBIA identified 66.5% of PLHA with FI in the sample (30.8% mild FI, 18.1% moderate FI and 17.6% severe FI). Moderate FI and severe FI were associated with an age younger than 43 years (prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.49; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.14-1.86), primary education (PR=1.64; 95% CI: 1.24-2.17), income per capita lower than ½ minimum wage (MW) (PR=1.83; 95% CI: 1.37-2.44), lack of occupation (PR=1.59; 95% CI: 1.16-2.19) and adult-only households with a female reference person (PR=2.19; 95% CI: 1.45-3.31). The PLHA in this study had a high prevalence of FI, worsening their living conditions and potentially exacerbating their health problems.

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An adapted version of the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Insecurity module is a valid tool for assessing household food insecurity in Campinas, Brazil.

A Segall, Giseli Panigassi, Lucia Maranha … (2004)

Until recently, Brazil did not have a national instrument with which to assess household food insecurity (FI). The objectives of this study were as follows: 1) to describe the process of adaptation and validation of the 15-item USDA FI module, and 2) to assess its validity in the city of Campinas. The USDA scale was translated into Portuguese and subsequently tested for content and face validity through content expert and focus groups made up of community members. This was followed by a quantitative validation based on a convenience (n = 125) and a representative (n = 847) sample. Key adaptations involved replacing the term "balanced meal" with "healthy and varied diet," to construct items as questions rather than statements, and to ensure that respondents understood that information would not be used to determine program eligibility. Chronbach's alpha was 0.91 and the scale item response curves were parallel across the 4 household income strata. FI severity level was strongly associated in a dose-response manner (P < 0.001) with income strata and the probability of daily intake of fruits, vegetables, meat/fish, and dairy. These findings were replicated in the 2 independent survey samples. Results indicate that the adapted version of the USDA food insecurity module is valid for the population of Campinas. This validation methodology has now been replicated in urban and/or rural areas of 4 additional states with similar results. Thus, Brazil now has a household food insecurity instrument that can be used to set national goals, to follow progress, and to evaluate its national hunger and poverty eradication programs.

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Food insecurity and HIV/AIDS: current knowledge, gaps, and research priorities.

Aranka Anema, Nicholas Vogenthaler, Edward A. Frongillo … (2009)

Food insecurity and HIV/AIDS are intertwined in a vicious cycle that heightens vulnerability to, and worsens the severity of, each condition. We review current knowledge and research priorities regarding the impact of food insecurity on HIV transmission risk and clinical outcomes. Observational studies suggest that food insecurity is associated with increased HIV transmission risk behaviors and decreased access to HIV treatment and care. Among individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART), food insecurity is associated with decreased ART adherence, reduced baseline CD4 cell count, incomplete virologic suppression, and decreased survival. Integration of food security interventions into HIV/AIDS treatment programs is essential to curtail the HIV/AIDS epidemic and improve health and quality of life among those infected. Longitudinal research applying validated measurement tools is needed to better understand the mechanisms through which food insecurity adversely impacts HIV transmission, treatment, and care. Research should compare the effectiveness of various food assistance and livelihood strategies.

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Refinement of the Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale: Recommendation for a 14-item EBIA

Ana Maria Segall-Corrêa, Letícia Marín-León, Hugo Melgar-Quinonez … (2014)

OBJECTIVE: To review and refine Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale structure. METHODS: The study analyzed the impact of removing the item "adult lost weight" and one of two possibly redundant items on Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale psychometric behavior using the one-parameter logistic (Rasch) model. Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale psychometric behavior was analyzed with respect to acceptable adjustment values ranging from 0.7 to 1.3, and to severity scores of the items with theoretically expected gradients. The socioeconomic and food security indicators came from the 2004 National Household Sample Survey, which obtained complete answers to Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale items from 112,665 households. RESULTS: Removing the items "adult reduced amount..." followed by "adult ate less..." did not change the infit of the remaining items, except for "adult lost weight", whose infit increased from 1.21 to 1.56. The internal consistency and item severity scores did not change when "adult ate less" and one of the two redundant items were removed. CONCLUSION: Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale reanalysis reduced the number of scale items from 16 to 14 without changing its internal validity. Its use as a nationwide household food security measure is strongly recommended.