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      Mudanças na refração após cirurgia de correção de esotropia Translated title: Refractive changes following surgery for correction of esotropia

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          Abstract

          Objetivo: Estudar o comportamento da refração e da curvatura corneana em pacientes com esotropia essencial submetidos à cirurgia monocular para correção do estrabismo. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo em que 42 olhos de 21 pacientes com esotropia essencial de ângulo moderado, sem quaisquer outros estrabismos associados, foram selecionados e submetidos ao exame oftalmológico completo e à cirurgia monocular. O olho contralateral serviu como grupo controle. Foram feitas avaliações de pré-operatório, pós-operatório de 1 mês e pós-operatório de 6 meses. O astigmatismo pré-operatório foi confrontado com os astigmatismos pós-operatórios por análise vetorial e cálculo do valor polar. Resultados: Obtivemos, nos olhos operados, redução significante (p<0,05) na médio do equivalente esférico, de 3,28 ±1,98 dioptrias para 3,05 ± 1,95 dioptrias. Na refração houve um aumento significante da média do componente a 90° do astigmatismo, de 0,458 ± 0,594 dioptrias para 1,002 ± 0,718 dioptrias, também observado na ceratometria: 1,083 ± 0,560 dioptrias para 1,690 ± 0,591 dioptrias. A média do astigmatismo induzido pela cirurgia, na refração, foi de 0,63 ± 0,27 dioptrias a um eixo médio de 92,30 ± 14,91 graus e de 0,71 ± 0,27 dioptrias a um eixo médio de 94,45 ± 15,69 graus na ceratometria, evidenciáveis graficamente pelo mapa diferencial da topografia corneana. Conclusões: Observa-se aumento estatisticamente significante e clinicamente relevante do astigmatismo a-favor-da-regra em pacientes esotrópicos submetidos ao retrocesso/ressecção monocular. Essa mudança é estável ao longo do tempo e é acompanhada de diminuição significante do equivalente esférico.

          Translated abstract

          Purpose: To evaluate changes in refraction and corneal curvature following surgery for correction of acquired esotropia. Methods: 42 eyes of 21 patients with acquired moderate angle esotropia without any other form of strabismus were prospectively enrolled and submitted to a complete ophthalmological examination followed by recess/resect procedure in a single eye. Data from the fellow eye were selected as control. Ophthalmological assessment was carried out preoperatively, 1 month after surgery and 6 months after surgery, where astigmatism was compared using vector analysis and the polar value concept. Results: The eyes submitted to surgery revealed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in spherical equivalent, from 3.28 ± 1.98 diopters to 3.05 ± 1.95 diopters. Refraction data disclosed a significant increase in the 90° component of net astigmatism, from 0.458 ± 0.594 diopters to 1.002 ± 0.718 diopters, which was also observed in keratometric readings:1.083 ± 0.560 diopters to 1.690 ± 0.591 diopters. Surgically induced astigmatism, assessed using refraction data was 0.63 ± 0.27 diopters at an average axis of 92.30 ± 14.91 degrees, and 0.71 ± 0.27 diopters at an average axis of 94.45 ± 15.69 degrees as obtained by keratometric readings. This is visually demonstrated by the corneal topography difference map. Conclusions: There is a statistically significant and clinically relevant increase in with-the-rule astigmatism in esotropic patients submitted to monocular recess/resect surgery. This change is stable at a 6 month follow-up and is associated with a decrease in mean spherical equivalent.

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          Estrabismo

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            Conversion of keratometer readings to polar values.

            K Naeser (1990)
            Corneal astigmatism is a complex entity that has direction and magnitude. This study reports a new method to describe corneal astigmatism within the with- and against-the-rule concept. Each net astigmatism of the maximal power M in the meridian alpha may be divided into two dioptric components: a with-the-rule astigmatism projected on the 90-degree meridian and an against-the-rule component projected on the 180-degree meridian. The former figure has the dioptric value M X sin2 alpha, the latter M X cos2 alpha. The polar value is defined as the difference between these magnitudes: M X (sin2 alpha - cos2 alpha). The polar value calculates the balance between the with- and against-the-rule components for any given net astigmatism. The entire model allows an exact description of surgically induced with- or against-the-rule astigmatism following cataract extraction. The advantage of the model is that a corneal astigmatism may be expressed by a single figure. The system enables each surgeon to evaluate the contribution of the preoperative astigmatism, incision type, suture technique, and postoperative treatment on the final astigmatism. This in turn allows the surgeon to estimate a number of different surgical techniques empirically. By disposing of and choosing between several known techniques the surgeon may be able to minimize final astigmatism even in cases of significant preoperative astigmatism.
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              Quantitative assessment of corneal astigmatic surgery: expanding the polar values concept.

              The purpose of astigmatic corneal surgery is to flatten the steeper meridian of the preoperative cylinder, to steepen the flatter meridian, or both. Therefore, it may be useful to quantitate the surgical effect by calculating the equivalent dioptric value of the postoperative cylinder in these principal meridians. In this study, the dioptric value projected on the preoperatively steeper meridian is termed the with-the-power (WTP) component, the portion projected on the flatter meridian, the against-the-power (ATP) component. Consider a preoperative net astigmatism of the power N in the meridian a. After astigmatic corneal surgery, the postoperative corneal cylinder is M in the meridian b. For the postoperative cylinder, the WTP component = M x sin2([b + 90]-a). The ATP component = M x cos2([b + 90]-a). The astigmatic polar value is defined as the difference between these magnitudes: AKP = M x (sin2[(b + 90)-a] - cos2[(b + 90)-a]). By calculating the astigmatic polar value, the surgeon immediately knows the outcome of the surgical procedure (i.e., whether the preoperative astigmatism has been undercorrected, overcorrected, or perfectly corrected). We describe the theory behind this new formula and discuss its applications and limitations.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                abo
                Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia
                Arq. Bras. Oftalmol.
                Conselho Brasileiro de Oftalmologia (São Paulo )
                1678-2925
                August 2001
                : 64
                : 4
                : 315-323
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                [2 ] Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo Brazil
                [3 ] Universidade Federal de São Paulo Brazil
                Article
                S0004-27492001000400008
                10.1590/S0004-27492001000400008
                8f5b70c9-c1d3-4c73-8ba3-2ffbf88150e1

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0004-2749&lng=en
                Categories
                OPHTHALMOLOGY

                Ophthalmology & Optometry
                Esotropia,Ocular refraction,Strabismus,Astigmatism,Operative surgery procedures,Refração ocular,Procedimentos cirúrgicos operatórios,Estrabismo,Astigmatismo

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