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      Growth-promoting effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Funneliformis mosseae in rice, sesame, sorghum, Egyptian pea and Mexican hat plant

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          Abstract

          Excessive use and overreliance on chemical fertilizers threatens soil health and environmental sustainability, necessitating eco-friendly alternatives like arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The benefits of AMF are well-documented in staple crops, their effects on diverse species—particularly legumes and non-crop models under uniform conditions—remain underexplored, limiting their scalable adoption. This study evaluated Funneliformis mosseae’s role in enhancing growth, nutrient uptake, and stress resilience across five species: rice ( Oryza sativa), sesame ( Sesamum indicum), sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor), Egyptian pea ( Sesbania sesban), and the non-crop Kalanchoe daigremontiana. The pot-experiment was conducted in natural open-field conditions (e.g., ambient light, temperature, and humidity) and inoculated plants were analyzed for biomass yield, nutrient concentrations, and physiological parameters to evaluate F. mosseae’s efficacy as a sustainable growth promoter. Inoculation with F. mosseae significantly enhanced plant performance across all species. Rice exhibited a 43% increase in dry biomass, alongside 53% higher phosphorus uptake and 24.5% greater magnesium accumulation. Root development improved markedly, with sesame, sorghum, Egyptian pea, and Mexican hat plants showing root length increases of 66.7, 42.9, 35, and 33.3%, respectively. Biomass gains were consistent: Egyptian pea (29% fresh biomass, 33% dry), sesame (30% fresh, 39% dry), sorghum (36.6% total), and Mexican hat plant (31% fresh, 34% dry). Nutrient uptake surged systemically, including potassium (sesame: 42%, Egyptian pea: 17.8%), calcium (sesame: 54.5%, sorghum: 29.4%), and magnesium (Mexican hat plant: 32.4%, Egyptian pea: 22.5%). Physiologically, photosynthetic rates rose by 21.4–45% (highest in Egyptian pea), stomatal conductance improved by 23.3–71.4% (peak in sesame), and chlorophyll a and b levels increased by 30–39.1% and 44.4–150.8%, respectively, across species. These results suggested that F. mosseae could provide a sustainable, environment friendly substitute for chemical fertilizers, preparing for the future of agriculture, where ecological services such as crop productivity and soil fertility depend on mycorrhizas alongside conventional cultivation practices. Integrating AMF into agricultural systems offers a potential strategy for eco-friendly farming practices that are viable and secure for long-term food security and eco-sustainability.

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          Most cited references46

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          A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters

          Analytica Chimica Acta, 27, 31-36
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            Improved procedures for clearing roots and staining parasitic and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of infection

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              Regulation of Plant Growth, Photosynthesis, Antioxidation and Osmosis by an Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus in Watermelon Seedlings under Well-Watered and Drought Conditions

              Drought stress has become an increasingly serious environmental issue that influences the growth and production of watermelon. Previous studies found that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization improved the fruit yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of watermelon grown under water stress; however, the exact mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, the effects of Glomus versiforme symbiosis on the growth, physio-biochemical attributes, and stress-responsive gene expressions of watermelon seedlings grown under well-watered and drought conditions were investigated. The results showed that AM colonization did not significantly influence the shoot growth of watermelon seedlings under well-watered conditions but did promote root development irrespective of water treatment. Drought stress decreased the leaf relative water content and chlorophyll concentration, but to a lesser extent in the AM plants. Compared with the non-mycorrhizal seedlings, mycorrhizal plants had higher non-photochemical quenching values, which reduced the chloroplast ultrastructural damage in the mesophyll cells and thus maintained higher photosynthetic efficiency. Moreover, AM inoculation led to significant enhancements in the enzyme activities and gene expressions of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and monodehydroascorbate reductase in watermelon leaves upon drought imposition. Consequently, AM plants exhibited lower accumulation of MDA, H2O2 and O 2 − compared with non-mycorrhizal plants. Under drought stress, the soluble sugar and proline contents were significantly increased, and further enhancements were observed by pre-treating the drought-stressed plants with AM. Taken together, our findings indicate that mycorrhizal colonization enhances watermelon drought tolerance through a stronger root system, greater protection of photosynthetic apparatus, a more efficient antioxidant system and improved osmoregulation. This study contributes to advances in the knowledge of AM-induced drought tolerance.

                Author and article information

                Contributors
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                URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2929540/overviewRole: Role: Role: Role: Role:
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                Journal
                Front Microbiol
                Front Microbiol
                Front. Microbiol.
                Frontiers in Microbiology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-302X
                28 April 2025
                2025
                : 16
                : 1549006
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Sericulture Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hefei, China
                [2] 2Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei, China
                [3] 3Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, The Women University Multan , Multan, Pakistan
                [4] 4College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei, China
                Author notes

                Edited by: Md. Motaher Hossain, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Bangladesh

                Reviewed by: M. Murali, University of Mysore, India

                Muhammad Abrar, Lanzhou University, China

                *Correspondence: Muhammad Ahmad Hassan, ahmaduaf93@ 123456ahau.edu.cn

                These authors have contributed equally to this work

                Article
                10.3389/fmicb.2025.1549006
                12066788
                40356642
                8f6e6ea4-a1eb-40c4-932f-dd73fa35c0b8
                Copyright © 2025 Zhou, Raza, Song, Janiad, Li, Huang and Hassan.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 27 December 2024
                : 07 April 2025
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 4, Equations: 4, References: 46, Pages: 10, Words: 7144
                Funding
                The author(s) declare that financial support was received for the research and/or publication of this article. This research was funded by open subject of Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization (FKLRIB202406) and the Achievement Transformation Project of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences (2025ZH011).
                Categories
                Microbiology
                Original Research
                Custom metadata
                Microbe and Virus Interactions with Plants

                Microbiology & Virology
                arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,plant growth,plant nutrition,growth promoter,physiological parameters

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