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      Arctic avian predators synchronise their spring migration with the northern progression of snowmelt

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          Abstract

          Migratory species display a range of migration patterns between irruptive (facultative) to regular (obligate), as a response to different predictability of resources. In the Arctic, snow directly influences resource availability. The causes and consequences of different migration patterns of migratory species as a response to the snow conditions remains however unexplored. Birds migrating to the Arctic are expected to follow the spring snowmelt to optimise their arrival time and select for snow-free areas to maximise prey encounter en-route. Based on large-scale movement data, we compared the migration patterns of three top predator species of the tundra in relation to the spatio-temporal dynamics of snow cover. The snowy owl, an irruptive migrant, the rough-legged buzzard, with an intermediary migration pattern, and the peregrine falcon as a regular migrant, all followed, as expected, the spring snowmelt during their migrations. However, the owl stayed ahead, the buzzard stayed on, and the falcon stayed behind the spatio-temporal peak in snowmelt. Although none of the species avoided snow-covered areas, they presumably used snow presence as a cue to time their arrival at their breeding grounds. We show the importance of environmental cues for species with different migration patterns.

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          Processes and impacts of Arctic amplification: A research synthesis

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            Ecological dynamics across the Arctic associated with recent climate change.

            At the close of the Fourth International Polar Year, we take stock of the ecological consequences of recent climate change in the Arctic, focusing on effects at population, community, and ecosystem scales. Despite the buffering effect of landscape heterogeneity, Arctic ecosystems and the trophic relationships that structure them have been severely perturbed. These rapid changes may be a bellwether of changes to come at lower latitudes and have the potential to affect ecosystem services related to natural resources, food production, climate regulation, and cultural integrity. We highlight areas of ecological research that deserve priority as the Arctic continues to warm.
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              Competition for early arrival in migratory birds

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                tcurk@ab.mpg.de
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                29 April 2020
                29 April 2020
                2020
                : 10
                : 7220
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0705 4990, GRID grid.419542.f, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Department of Migration, ; Am Obstberg 1, Radolfzell, 78315 Germany
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0658 7699, GRID grid.9811.1, University of Konstanz, Department of Biology, ; Universitätsstraße 10, Konstanz, 78464 Germany
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2197 0186, GRID grid.482778.6, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Division Russian Academy of Sciences, ; 8 marta str. 202/3, Yekaterinburg, 620144 Russia
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0399 5314, GRID grid.493323.c, Institute of Biological Problems of the North, ; Magadan, Ulitsa Portovaya 18, 685000 Russia
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2175 1792, GRID grid.265686.9, Canada Research Chair in Polar and Boreal Ecology, Department of Biology, , Université de Moncton, ; 18 Antonine-Maillet, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9 Canada
                [6 ]Norwegian Ornithological Society, BirdLife Norway, Sandgata 30B, Trondheim, 7012 Norway
                [7 ]High Arctic Institute, 603 10th Avenue, Orion, IL 61273 USA
                [8 ]ISNI 0000 0000 8983 7915, GRID grid.7551.6, German Aerospace Center (DLR), German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), ; Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, Stuttgart, 70569 Germany
                [9 ]GRID grid.17089.37, University of Alberta, Faculty of Science, ; 116 St NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3 Canada
                [10 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8390, GRID grid.23856.3a, Université Laval, Department of Biology and Centre d’études nordiques, ; 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6 Canada
                [11 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2107 519X, GRID grid.420127.2, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Department of Arctic Ecology, ; Hjalmar Johansens gate 14, Tromso, 9296 Norway
                [12 ]Kidd Biological Inc, 2911 Meridian Court, Anacortes, WA 98221 USA
                [13 ]U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Migratory Bird Management, 3000 Vintage Blvd 201, Juneau, AK 99801 USA
                [14 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0417 6230, GRID grid.23048.3d, University of Agder, Zoological Department, ; Universitetsveien 25 D, Kristiansand S, 4630 Norway
                [15 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2154 235X, GRID grid.25152.31, University of Saskatchewan, Department of Biology, ; 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, S7N 5E2 Canada
                [16 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0415 6715, GRID grid.470973.e, Hawk Mountain Sanctuary, Acopian Center for Conservation Learning, ; 410 Summer Valley Road, Orwigsburg, PA 17961 USA
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6533-674X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4592-9123
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3148-8278
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1046-0962
                Article
                63312
                10.1038/s41598-020-63312-0
                7190624
                32350286
                8f7d19a8-c5c5-4b40-973c-347ab2494a2e
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 14 October 2019
                : 23 March 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/100005857, Hawk Mountain Sanctuary Association (Hawk Mountain);
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100001804, Canada Research Chairs (Chaires de recherche du Canada);
                Funded by: Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior Am Obstberg 1 78315 Radolfzell Germany Slovene Human Resources Development and Scholarship Fund Dunajska cesta 22 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
                Funded by: NOF - Birdlife Norway's Snowy owl Foundation Sandgata 30B 7012 Trondheim Norway Environmental departments at the Office of the County Governors of Troms and Finmark, Trondelag, Innlandet, Vestfold and Telemark, Oslo and Viken, Nordland and Vestland, Norway
                Funded by: The Offield Family Foundation Wolf Creek Charitable Foundation The Peregrine Fund
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100008776, Miljødirektoratet (Norwegian Environment Agency);
                Funded by: NOF - Birdlife Norway's Snowy owl Foundation Sandgata 30B 7012 Trondheim Norway Environmental departments at the Office of the County Governors of Troms and Finmark, Trondelag, Innlandet, Vestfold and Telemark, Oslo and Viken, Nordland and Vestland, Norway
                Funded by: Kidd Biological Inc Alaska Department of Fish and Game and Arctic Raptors Inc HWA Wildlife Consulting
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100002981, Miljøministeriet (Ministry of the Environment);
                Funded by: NOF - Birdlife Norway's Snowy owl Foundation Sandgata 30B 7012 Trondheim Norway Environmental departments at the Office of the County Governors of Troms and Finmark, Trondelag, Innlandet, Vestfold and Telemark, Oslo and Viken, Nordland and Vestland, Norway
                Funded by: NOF - Birdlife Norway's Snowy owl Foundation Sandgata 30B 7012 Trondheim Norway Environmental departments at the Office of the County Governors of Troms and Finmark, Trondelag, Innlandet, Vestfold and Telemark, Oslo and Viken, Nordland and Vestland, Norway
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000038, Gouvernement du Canada | Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (Conseil de Recherches en Sciences Naturelles et en Génie du Canada);
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000243, W. Garfield Weston Foundation;
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000046, Gouvernement du Canada | National Research Council Canada (Conseil national de recherches Canada);
                Funded by: Polar Continental Shelf Project Natural resources Canada 2464 Sheffield Road Ottawa, ON K1A 0G1 Canada Fonds Quebecois de Recherche Nature et Technologies 140, Grande Allée Est, suite 450 Québec (Québec) G1R 5M8 Canada
                Categories
                Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Uncategorized
                animal migration,behavioural ecology,boreal ecology,climate-change ecology,ecological modelling

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