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      Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia – a comprehensive review

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          Abstract

          Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) is a serious disease of goats, occasionally sheep and wild ruminants, caused by Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae (Mccp). The disease is characterized by severe serofibrinous pleuropneumonia, very high morbidity (∼100%), and mortality (80–100%). CCPP affects goats in more than 40 countries of the world thereby posing a serious threat to goat farming around the globe. The characteristic clinical signs of CCPP are severe respiratory distress associated with sero-mucoid nasal discharge, coughing, dyspnea, pyrexia, pleurodynia, and general malaise. In later stages, severe lobar fibrinous pleuropneumonia, profuse fluid accumulation in pleural cavity, severe congestion of lungs and adhesion formation is observed. Mycoplasmal antigen interactions with host immune system and its role in CCPP pathogenesis are not clearly understood. CCPP is not a zoonotic disease. Diagnosis has overcome cumbersome and lengthy conventional tests involving culture, isolation, and identification by advanced serological (LAT, cELISA) or gene-based amplification of DNA (PCR, RFLP, and hybridization) and sequencing. The latex agglutination test (LAT) is rapid, simple, and better test for field and real-time diagnosis applicable to whole blood or serum and is more sensitive than the CFT and easier than the cELISA. Moreover, the studies on antibiotic sensitivity and exploration of novel antibiotics (fluoroquinolones, macrolides) can help in better therapeutic management besides preventing menace of antibiotic resistance. Re-visiting conventional prophylactic measures focussing on developing novel strain-based or recombinant vaccines using specific antigens (capsular or cellular) should be the most important strategy for controlling the disease worldwide.

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          Most cited references180

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          Molecular biology and pathogenicity of mycoplasmas.

          The recent sequencing of the entire genomes of Mycoplasma genitalium and M. pneumoniae has attracted considerable attention to the molecular biology of mycoplasmas, the smallest self-replicating organisms. It appears that we are now much closer to the goal of defining, in molecular terms, the entire machinery of a self-replicating cell. Comparative genomics based on comparison of the genomic makeup of mycoplasmal genomes with those of other bacteria, has opened new ways of looking at the evolutionary history of the mycoplasmas. There is now solid genetic support for the hypothesis that mycoplasmas have evolved as a branch of gram-positive bacteria by a process of reductive evolution. During this process, the mycoplasmas lost considerable portions of their ancestors' chromosomes but retained the genes essential for life. Thus, the mycoplasmal genomes carry a high percentage of conserved genes, greatly facilitating gene annotation. The significant genome compaction that occurred in mycoplasmas was made possible by adopting a parasitic mode of life. The supply of nutrients from their hosts apparently enabled mycoplasmas to lose, during evolution, the genes for many assimilative processes. During their evolution and adaptation to a parasitic mode of life, the mycoplasmas have developed various genetic systems providing a highly plastic set of variable surface proteins to evade the host immune system. The uniqueness of the mycoplasmal systems is manifested by the presence of highly mutable modules combined with an ability to expand the antigenic repertoire by generating structural alternatives, all compressed into limited genomic sequences. In the absence of a cell wall and a periplasmic space, the majority of surface variable antigens in mycoplasmas are lipoproteins. Apart from providing specific antimycoplasmal defense, the host immune system is also involved in the development of pathogenic lesions and exacerbation of mycoplasma induced diseases. Mycoplasmas are able to stimulate as well as suppress lymphocytes in a nonspecific, polyclonal manner, both in vitro and in vivo. As well as to affecting various subsets of lymphocytes, mycoplasmas and mycoplasma-derived cell components modulate the activities of monocytes/macrophages and NK cells and trigger the production of a wide variety of up-regulating and down-regulating cytokines and chemokines. Mycoplasma-mediated secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 (IL-1), and IL-6, by macrophages and of up-regulating cytokines by mitogenically stimulated lymphocytes plays a major role in mycoplasma-induced immune system modulation and inflammatory responses.
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            Isolation of pure IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b immunoglobulins from mouse serum using protein A-sepharose.

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              Mycoplasma leachii sp. nov. as a new species designation for Mycoplasma sp. bovine group 7 of Leach, and reclassification of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides LC as a serovar of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri.

              The Mycoplasma mycoides cluster consists of six pathogenic mycoplasmas causing disease in ruminants, which share many genotypic and phenotypic traits. The M. mycoides cluster comprises five recognized taxa: Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony (MmmSC), M. mycoides subsp. mycoides Large Colony (MmmLC), M. mycoides subsp. capri (Mmc), Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum (Mcc) and M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (Mccp). The group of strains known as Mycoplasma sp. bovine group 7 of Leach (MBG7) has remained unassigned, due to conflicting data obtained by different classification methods. In the present paper, all available data, including recent phylogenetic analyses, have been reviewed, resulting in a proposal for an emended taxonomy of this cluster: (i) the MBG7 strains, although related phylogenetically to M. capricolum, hold sufficient characteristic traits to be assigned as a separate species, i.e. Mycoplasma leachii sp. nov. (type strain, PG50(T) = N29(T) = NCTC 10133(T) = DSM 21131(T)); (ii) MmmLC and Mmc, which can only be distinguished by serological methods and are related more distantly to MmmSC, should be combined into a single subspecies, i.e. Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri, leaving M. mycoides subsp. mycoides (MmmSC) as the exclusive designation for the agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. A taxonomic description of M. leachii sp. nov. and emended descriptions of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides and M. mycoides subsp. capri are presented. As a result of these emendments, the M. mycoides cluster will hereafter be composed of five taxa comprising three subclusters, which correspond to the M. mycoides subspecies, the M. capricolum subspecies and the novel species M. leachii.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Vet Q
                Vet Q
                TVEQ
                tveq20
                The Veterinary Quarterly
                Taylor & Francis
                0165-2176
                1875-5941
                2019
                1 April 2019
                : 39
                : 1
                : 1-25
                Affiliations
                [a ]Mycoplasma Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry , Shuhama, Srinagar, India;
                [b ]Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois , Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA;
                [c ]Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Madras Veterinary College Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University , Chennai, India;
                [d ]Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University , Chennai, India;
                [e ]Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar, Bareilly, India;
                [f ]Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats (CIRG) , Mathura, India
                Author notes
                CONTACT Mohd. Iqbal Yatoo iqbalyatoo@ 123456gmail.com Mycoplasma Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry , Shuhama, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4501-7354
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9215-6306
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7469-4752
                Article
                1580826
                10.1080/01652176.2019.1580826
                6830973
                30929577
                8fd32ca5-153f-4e81-8fde-57b0c317db9a
                © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 30 December 2017
                : 04 February 2019
                : 06 February 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 0, Pages: 43, Words: 20149
                Funding
                Funded by: Science and Engineering Research Board 10.13039/501100001843
                Funded by: Department of Science and Technology, Government of India
                Award ID: EMR/
                Award ID: /
                Award ID: 29
                This study is supported by the Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India through SERB-DST Project (EMR/2016/004929).M.I.Y. deeply acknowledges technical guidance and support by Dr. Francois Thiaucourt (CIRAD, France) and Dr. Umit Ozdemir (PVCRI, Turkey).
                Categories
                Review

                goat,caprine,pleuropneumonia,mycoplasma,vaccine
                goat, caprine, pleuropneumonia, mycoplasma, vaccine

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