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      Tratamiento quirúrgico de la acalasia esofágica: Experiencia en 328 pacientes Translated title: Surgical treatment of achalasia: Experience in 328 patients

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          Abstract

          Objetivos: Evaluar la evolución postoperatoria inmediata y morbimortalidad en 328 pacientes con acalasia sometidos a tratamiento quirúrgico en un período de 40 años. Material y Método: Se analizan 328 pacientes con acalasia, sometidos a abordaje laparotómico en 165 pacientes y laparoscópico en 163 pacientes, evaluando la morbilidad y mortalidad postoperatoria exclusivamente. Se aplicó el mismo protocolo quirúrgico en ambos grupos, variando sólo en la vía de acceso abdominal. Resultados: Ambos grupos son enteramente comparables tanto en edad, distribución por género, síntomas, duración de síntomas y estudio manométrico. Hubo significativamente más apertura de la mucosa esofágica durante cirugía laparoscópica comparada con la vía laparotómica. Hubo 2 pacientes con filtración postoperatoria con cirugía laparotómica y 1 hemoperitoneo después de abordaje laparoscópico. No hubo mortalidad operatoria. Conclusión: El abordaje laparoscópico es la técnica de elección en la actualidad en pacientes con acalasia, con una muy baja morbilidad.

          Translated abstract

          Background: Patients with achalasia may require surgical treatment. Aim: To assess postoperative evolution, complications and mortality after surgical treatment of achalasia. Material and Methods: Analysis of 328 patients aged 13 to 80 years (51% females) with achalasia, operated in a period of 40 years. Open surgery was used in 165 patients and a laparoscopic modality (starting in 1994) in 163. Results: Patients subjected to open or laparoscopic surgery had similar demographic and manometric features. Mucosal injury during myotomy occurred in 20 (12%) and 10 (6%) of patients subjected to open or laparoscopic surgery, respectively (p < 0.05). Four patients operated using a laparoscopic approach had to be converted to open surgery. Two patients operated using an open approach had a postoperative leak. One patient had an abscess and one a hemoperitoneum. Conclusions: The surgical approach of choice for achalasia is laparoscopic, with a low incidence of complications.

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          Improved outcome after extended gastric myotomy for achalasia.

          There is general agreement that a Heller myotomy should extend 6 to 7 cm above the gastroesophageal junction. Results of most previous studies have recommended that the myotomy extend 1 to 1.5 cm below the gastroesophageal junction. We speculated that the effectiveness of the operation could be improved if a longer, 3-cm myotomy was carried out below the gastroesophageal junction, as it would more completely obliterate the lower esophageal sphincter. We, therefore, changed our technique in 1998. Concurrently, we converted from a Dor fundoplication to a Toupet fundoplication. This study analyzes the results of our new strategy. A case series using a prospectively maintained database. Tertiary referral center. One hundred ten consecutive patients with achalasia undergoing laparoscopic Heller myotomy. We analyzed the course of 52 patients treated with a standard laparoscopic esophagogastric myotomy (1.5 cm in the stomach) and a Dor fundoplication between September 1, 1994, and August 31, 1998, and 58 treated with an extended gastric myotomy (3 cm below the gastroesophageal junction) and a Toupet fundoplication between September 1, 1998, and August 31, 2001. Esophageal function testing (esophageal manometry and 24-hour pH monitoring), symptom questionnaire (frequency and severity), and postoperative interventions required. Postoperatively the lower esophageal sphincter pressure was significantly lower after extended gastric myotomy and a Toupet fundoplication vs standard myotomy and a Dor fundoplication (9.5 vs 15.8 mm Hg). Dysphagia was both less frequent (1.2 vs 2.1) and less severe (visual analog scale, 3.2 vs 5.3) after extended gastric myotomy and Toupet fundoplication. In the standard laparoscopic esophagogastric myotomy and a Dor fundoplication group, 9 patients (17%) had recurrent, severe dysphagia, which was treated by dilation in 5 patients and by reoperation in 4 patients. In the extended gastric myotomy and Toupet fundoplication group, 2 patients (3%) developed recurrent dysphagia that resolved with dilatation. There were no reoperations in the extended gastric myotomy and Toupet fundoplication group. No difference was noted in the frequency of heartburn (1.3 vs 1.7), regurgitation (0.3 vs 0.8), and chest pain (0.3 vs 0.6), nor was there a difference between the 2 groups in proximal (1.7% vs 2.3%) and distal (6.0% vs 5.9%) esophageal acid exposure. An extended gastric myotomy (3 cm) more effectively disrupts the lower esophageal sphincter, thus improving the results of surgical therapy for achalasia for dysphagia without increasing the rate of abnormal gastroesophageal reflux provided that a Toupet fundoplication is added.
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            Late results of a prospective randomised study comparing forceful dilatation and oesophagomyotomy in patients with achalasia.

            Late results in 81 patients with achalasia treated in a prospective randomised study comparing forceful pneumatic dilatation with the Mosher bag and surgical anterior oesophagomyotomy by abdominal route, are reported. There were no deaths from either of the treatments. Two patients (5.6%) had a perforation of the abdominal oesophagus after pneumatic dilatation and were excluded from late follow up. In patients having surgery at radiological evaluation there was gullet diameter significantly increased at the oesophagogastric junction and decreased at the middle third of the oesophagus. One patient was lost from follow up and one died of an oesophageal carcinoma, leaving 95% of excellent results at the late follow up (median 62 months). Resting gastro-oesophageal sphincter pressure decreased significantly to approximately 10 mmHg; this was maintained five years after surgery. By contrast, in patients having pneumatic dilatation, there were good results in only 65% (follow up median 58 months), with 30% failures. One patient was lost from follow up and one developed oesophageal carcinoma. Measurement of resting gastro-oesophageal sphincter pressure after dilatation was highly predictive of the outcome. The study shows that surgical treatment offers a better final clinical result than pneumatic dilatation with the Mosher bag.
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              Very late results of esophagomyotomy for patients with achalasia: clinical, endoscopic, histologic, manometric, and acid reflux studies in 67 patients for a mean follow-up of 190 months.

              Laparoscopic esophagomyotomy is the preferred approach to patients with achalasia of the esophagus, However, there are very few long-term follow-up studies (>10 years) in these patients. To perform a very late subjective and objective follow-up in a group of 67 patients submitted to esophagomyotomy plus a partial antireflux surgery (Dor's technique). In a prospective study that lasted 30 years, 67 patients submitted to surgery were divided into 3 groups: group I followed for 80 to 119 months (15 patients); group II, with follow-up of 120 to 239 months (35 patients); and group III, with follow-up more than 240 months (17 patients). They were submitted to clinical questionnaire, endoscopic evaluation, histologic analysis, radiologic studies, manometric determinations, and 24-hour pH studies late after surgery. Three patients developed a squamous cell esophageal carcinoma 5, 7, and 15 years after surgery. At the late follow-up, Visick III and IV were seen in 7%, 23%, and 35%, according to the length of follow-up of each group. Endoscopic examination revealed a progressive nonsignificant deterioration of esophageal mucosa, histologic analysis distal to squamous-columnar junction showed a significant decrease of fundic mucosa in patients of group III, with increase of intestinal metaplasia, although not significant time. Lower esophageal sphincter showed a significant decrease of resting pressure 1 year after surgery, which remained similar at the late control. There was no return to peristaltic activity. Acid reflux measured by 24-hour pH studies revealed a progressive increase, and the follow-up was longer. Nine patients developed Barrett esophagus: 6 of them a short-segment and 3 a long-segment Barrett esophagus. Final clinical results in all 67 patients demonstrated excellent or good results in 73% of the cases, development of epidermoid carcinoma in 4.5%, and failures in 22.4% of the patients, mainly due to reflux esophagitis. Incomplete myotomy was seen in only 1 case. In patients with achalasia submitted to esophagomyotomy and Dor's antireflux procedure, there is a progressive clinical deterioration of initially good results if a very long follow-up is performed (23 years after surgery), mainly due to an increase in pathologic acid reflux disease and the development of short- or long-segment Barrett esophagus.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rchcir
                Revista chilena de cirugía
                Rev Chil Cir
                Sociedad de Cirujanos de Chile (Santiago, , Chile )
                0718-4026
                February 2012
                : 64
                : 1
                : 46-51
                Affiliations
                [02] Santiago orgnameUniversidad de Chile orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina Chile
                [01] Santiago orgnameUniversidad de Chile orgdiv1Hospital Clínico orgdiv2Departamento de Cirugía Chile
                Article
                S0718-40262012000100008 S0718-4026(12)06400100008
                10.4067/S0718-40262012000100008
                8fdce6d0-6735-40c2-a949-28bdb755a336

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 28 June 2011
                : 18 April 2011
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 29, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Chile

                Categories
                ARTÍCULOS DE INVESTIGACIÓN

                Achalasia,mucosal injury,laparoscopia,laparoscopic surgery,tratamiento quirúrgico,Acalasia

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