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      The earliest primate (Parapapio sp.) from the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage site (Waypoint 160, Bolt's Farm, South Africa)

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          Abstract

          Waypoint 160 is a breccia occurrence in a dolomite solution cavity on Bolt's Farm on the southern margin of the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage site in South Africa. The calcified breccia has yielded microfauna that has been dated between 4.0 and 4.5 million years. Here we present the first evidence for Parapapio, an extinct monkey, from Waypoint 160. This site is of particular interest as Parapapio is associated with Pliocene or Pleistocene hominids in Africa, for example at Sterkfontein, Taung, Kromdraai, Swartkrans and Makapansgat in South Africa, as well as at Lothagam in East Africa.

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          Fossil Cercopithecidae from the Hadar Formation and surrounding areas of the Afar Depression, Ethiopia.

          Stephen Frost, Eric Delson (2002)
          Hadar is well known as one of the most productive early hominin sites in the world. Between 1972 and 1994 a large sample of fossil cercopithecid specimens was collected from Hadar and the nearby sites of Geraru, Ahmado, and Leadu. At least five, and possibly six, species are present in the sample, including two chronological subspecies of Theropithecus oswaldi. T. o. cf. darti is known from the Middle Pliocene deposits in the Hadar area, along with Parapapio cf. jonesi, cf. Rhinocolobus turkanaensis, and a new species of Cercopithecoides, C. meaveae. There are also isolated molars from the Middle Pliocene of a large colobine which most likely represent cf. R. turkanaensis, but may also represent another large colobine known from the nearby site of Maka in the Middle Awash. T. o. oswaldi is represented from younger deposits of Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene age, along with the large colobine Cercopithecoides kimeui. Throughout the sequence Theropithecus oswaldi is by far the most abundant cercopithecid, with the other taxa being comparatively rare. The Parapapio material from Hadar is important as the only securely identifiable material of the genus in the East African Pliocene. Furthermore, the Hadar material includes the only associated postcranial remains for the genus. If the tentative identification of Rhinocolobus is correct, then the Hadar sample is the only known occurrence outside of the Turkana Basin. Cercopithecoides meaveae is a new species, currently only known from the Hadar region, most importantly by the associated partial skeleton from Leadu. It appears to show adaptations for terrestrial locomotion. Finally, Cercopithecoides kimeui, a very large colobine previously known from Olduvai Gorge, Koobi Fora, and Rawi is recorded from the uppermost part of the Formation.
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            Molar microwear and dietary reconstructions of fossil cercopithecoidea from the Plio-Pleistocene deposits of South Africa.

            Mark Teaford, G S Zaatari, James Smith … (2005)
            The South African Plio-Pleistocene cave deposits have yielded a diverse cercopithecoid fauna. In this study, the possible dietary proclivities of these extinct species are examined using details of molar microwear. Although sample sizes are often small, wear patterns suggest possible temporal changes in the diets of Parapapio jonesi from Makapansgat to Sterkfontein, of Papio robinsoni from Sterkfontein to Swartkrans, and Cercopithecoides williamsi from Makapansgat to Sterkfontein to Swartkrans. However, there does not appear to have been a significant change in the dietary habits of Parapapio broomi over time. The microwear patterns of the two temporally successive congeners, Theropithecus darti and T. oswaldi show no significant differences from one another. The sympatric congeners, Parapapio broomi and Pp. jonesi, have microwear signatures that differ significantly at Makapansgat (Members 3 and 4) but not at Sterkfontein (Member 4). Finally, the microwear analyses suggest that the extinct cercopithecoid species did not necessarily have diets similar to those of their closest living relatives.
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              Dinofelis barlowi (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) cranial material from Bolt's Farm, collected by the University of California African Expedition

              HBS Cooke, H Cooke, H.B.S. Cooke … (1991)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                D. Gommery: Role: ND
                J.F. Thackeray: Role: ND
                F. Sénégas: Role: ND
                S. Potze: Role: ND
                L. Kgasi: Role: ND
                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher): sajs
                Title: South African Journal of Science
                Abbreviated Title: S. Afr. j. sci.
                Publisher: Academy of Science of South Africa (Pretoria )
                ISSN: 1996-7489
                Publication date (Print): October 2008
                Volume: 104
                Issue: 9-10
                Pages: 405-408
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Centre national de la recherche scientifique Bolivia
                [2 ] Transvaal Museum South Africa
                Article
                Publisher ID: S0038-23532008000500018
                SO-VID: 9030e72e-c1bf-4524-a6e3-1b56bc2c856c
                License:

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO South Africa

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0038-2353&lng=en
                Categories
                Subject: Biology
                Subject: Humanities, Multidisciplinary

                ScienceOpen disciplines: General life sciences
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: General life sciences

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