Sexual Competitiveness and Induced Egg Sterility by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus Gamma-Irradiated Males: A Laboratory and Field Study in Mexico

Abstract

Simple Summary

The sterile insect technique (SIT) involves the release of massive numbers of male insects that have been sterilized by irradiation treatment during their development. Wild females that mate with sterilized males are not able to produce offspring, resulting in rapid decline in the target insect population over a large area. The success of this technique depends on the ratio of wild:sterile males achieved following male releases and the ability of sterile males to mate with wild females, i.e., their sexual competitiveness compared to fertile wild male insects. There is growing interest in applying SIT to the area-wide control of mosquitoes, such as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, that transmit important human diseases caused by dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. In the present study, the sexual competitiveness of both mosquito species was affected by irradiation treatments but did not vary greatly with different ratios of fertile:sterile males in mating cages. Most importantly, the fertility of eggs was greatly reduced when more sterile males were present in mating cages, resulting in an 88% decrease in the production of fertile eggs by both species of mosquitoes in some experiments. We will use these results to perform small-scale trials in rural villages frequently affected by outbreaks of mosquito-borne diseases in southern Mexico.

Abstract

The sterile insect technique may prove useful for the suppression of mosquito vectors of medical importance in regions where arboviruses pose a serious public health threat. In the present study, we examined the effects of sterilizing irradiation doses across different ratios of fertile:irradiated males on the mating competitiveness of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus under laboratory and field-cage conditions. For both species, the percentage of females inseminated and the number of eggs laid over two gonotrophic cycles varied significantly in mating treatments involving 1:1, 1:5, and 1:10 fertile:irradiated males compared to controls of entirely fertile or entirely irradiated males but was not generally affected by the irradiation dose. Egg hatching was negatively affected in females exposed to increasing proportions of irradiated males in both laboratory and field cages. Male competitiveness (Fried’s index) values varied from 0.19 to 0.58 in the laboratory and were between 0.09 and 1.0 in field cages, depending on th species. Competitiveness values were negatively affected by th eirradiation dose in both species under field-cage conditions, whereas in the laboratory, Ae. albopictus was sensitive to the dose but Ae. aegypti was not. In general, male competitiveness was similar across all mating regimes. Most importantly, induced egg sterility was positively correlated with the proportion of irradiated males present in the mating treatments, reaching a maximum of 88% under field-cage conditions for both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus males treated with 50 and 40 Gy irradiation, respectively. These results indicate that sterile males produced at our facility are suitable and competitive enough for field pilot SIT projects and provide guidance to decide the optimal sterile:fertile ratios.