Caffeine and sodium bicarbonate supplementation alone or together improve karate performance

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Abstract

Background

The ergogenic properties of acute caffeine (CAF) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO ₃) ingestion on athletic performance have been previously investigated. However, each sport has unique physiological and technical characteristics which warrants optimizing supplementations strategies for maximizing performance. This study examined the effects of CAF and NaHCO ₃ ingestion on physiological responses and rate of perceived exertion during a Karate-specific aerobic test (KSAT) in competitive karatekas.

Methods

In a double-blind, crossover, randomized placebo-controlled trial, eight Karatekas underwent five experimental conditions including control (CON), placebo (PLA), CAF, NaHCO ₃, and CAF + NaHCO ₃ before completing KSAT. Capsules containing 6 mg/kg BW CAF were consumed 50 min prior to a KSAT whilst 0.3 g/kg BW NaHCO ₃ was consumed for 3 days leading to and 120, 90, and 60 min prior to a KSAT. Time to exhaustion (TTE), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and blood lactate (BL) were measured before, immediately after and 3 min following KSAT.

Results

TTE was significantly greater following CAF, NaHCO ₃, and CAF + NaHCO ₃ consumption compared to PLA and CON. However, the differences between CAF, NaHCO ₃, and CAF + NaHCO ₃ were not statistically significant ( p > 0.05). BL increased significantly from baseline to immediately after and 3 min following KSAT in all conditions ( p < 0.01), while RPE at the end of KSAT was not significantly different between conditions ( p = 0.11).

Conclusions

Karate practitioners may benefit from the ergogenic effects of CAF and NaHCO ₃ when consumed separately or together.

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Most cited references 62

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G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences

Franz Faul, Edgar Erdfelder, Albert-Georg Lang … (2007)

G*Power (Erdfelder, Faul, & Buchner, 1996) was designed as a general stand-alone power analysis program for statistical tests commonly used in social and behavioral research. G*Power 3 is a major extension of, and improvement over, the previous versions. It runs on widely used computer platforms (i.e., Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Mac OS X 10.4) and covers many different statistical tests of the t, F, and chi2 test families. In addition, it includes power analyses for z tests and some exact tests. G*Power 3 provides improved effect size calculators and graphic options, supports both distribution-based and design-based input modes, and offers all types of power analyses in which users might be interested. Like its predecessors, G*Power 3 is free.

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Caffeine and anaerobic performance: ergogenic value and mechanisms of action.

J. Davis, William M J Green (2008)

The effect caffeine elicits on endurance performance is well founded. However, comparatively less research has been conducted on the ergogenic potential of anaerobic performance. Some studies showing no effect of caffeine on performance used untrained subjects and designs often not conducive to observing an ergogenic effect. Recent studies incorporating trained subjects and paradigms specific to intermittent sports activity support the notion that caffeine is ergogenic to an extent with anaerobic exercise. Caffeine seems highly ergogenic for speed endurance exercise ranging in duration from 60 to 180 seconds. However, other traditional models examining power output (i.e. 30-second Wingate test) have shown minimal effect of caffeine on performance. Conversely, studies employing sport-specific methodologies (i.e. hockey, rugby, soccer) with shorter duration (i.e. 4-6 seconds) show caffeine to be ergogenic during high-intensity intermittent exercise. Recent studies show caffeine affects isometric maximal force and offers introductory evidence for enhanced muscle endurance for lower body musculature. However, isokinetic peak torque, one-repetition maximum and muscular endurance for upper body musculature are less clear. Since relatively few studies exist with resistance training, a definite conclusion cannot be reached on the extent caffeine affects performance. It was previously thought that caffeine mechanisms were associated with adrenaline (epinephrine)-induced enhanced free-fatty acid oxidation and consequent glycogen sparing, which is the leading hypothesis for the ergogenic effect. It would seem unlikely that the proposed theory would result in improved anaerobic performance, since exercise is dominated by oxygen-independent metabolic pathways. Other mechanisms for caffeine have been suggested, such as enhanced calcium mobilization and phosphodiesterase inhibition. However, a normal physiological dose of caffeine in vivo does not indicate this mechanism plays a large role. Additionally, enhanced Na+/K+ pump activity has been proposed to potentially enhance excitation contraction coupling with caffeine. A more favourable hypothesis seems to be that caffeine stimulates the CNS. Caffeine acts antagonistically on adenosine receptors, thereby inhibiting the negative effects adenosine induces on neurotransmission, arousal and pain perception. The hypoalgesic effects of caffeine have resulted in dampened pain perception and blunted perceived exertion during exercise. This could potentially have favourable effects on negating decreased firing rates of motor units and possibly produce a more sustainable and forceful muscle contraction. The exact mechanisms behind caffeine's action remain to be elucidated.

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Central nervous system effects of caffeine and adenosine on fatigue.

Ryan Mehl, Zuowei Zhao, John Stock … (2003)

Caffeine ingestion can delay fatigue during exercise, but the mechanisms remain elusive. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that blockade of central nervous system (CNS) adenosine receptors may explain the beneficial effect of caffeine on fatigue. Initial experiments were done to confirm an effect of CNS caffeine and/or the adenosine A(1)/A(2) receptor agonist 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) on spontaneous locomotor activity. Thirty minutes before measurement of spontaneous activity or treadmill running, male rats received caffeine, NECA, caffeine plus NECA, or vehicle during four sessions separated by approximately 1 wk. CNS caffeine and NECA (intracerebroventricular) were associated with increased and decreased spontaneous activity, respectively, but caffeine plus NECA did not block the reduction induced by NECA. CNS caffeine also increased run time to fatigue by 60% and NECA reduced it by 68% vs. vehicle. However, unlike the effects on spontaneous activity, pretreatment with caffeine was effective in blocking the decrease in run time by NECA. No differences were found after peripheral (intraperitoneal) drug administration. Results suggest that caffeine can delay fatigue through CNS mechanisms, at least in part by blocking adenosine receptors.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Sajjad Rezaei: Rezaeisajjad@yahoo.com

Kazem Akbari: akbari.kazem1982@gmail.com

Daniel E. Gahreman: daniel.gahreman@cdu.edu.au

Amir Sarshin: amsarshin@gmail.com

Montassar Tabben: montassar.tabben@aspetar.com

Mojtaba Kaviani: mojtaba.kaviani@acadiau.ca

Alireza Sadeghinikoo: alireza_nikoo@yahoo.com

Majid S. Koozehchian: mkoozehchian@jsu.edu

Alireza Naderi: Naderi_a@yahoo.com

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Int Soc Sports Nutr

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Int Soc Sports Nutr

Title: Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1550-2783

Publication date (Electronic): 17 October 2019

Publication date PMC-release: 17 October 2019

Publication date Collection: 2019

Volume: 16

Electronic Location Identifier: 44

Affiliations

[1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1781 3962, GRID grid.412266.5, Physical Education and Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Humanities, , Tarbiat Modares University, ; Tehran, Iran

[2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0406 5813, GRID grid.412265.6, Department of exercise physiology, Faculty of Physical education and sport sciences, , Kharazmi University, ; Tehran, Iran

[3 ]Raad Sports Club, Tehran, Iran

[4 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2157 559X, GRID grid.1043.6, College of Health and Human Sciences, , Charles Darwin University, ; Darwin, Australia

[5 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1756 1701, GRID grid.411769.c, Faculty of Physical education and sport sciences, Department of Exercise Physiology, Karaj Branch, , Islamic Azad University, ; Karaj, Iran

[6 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0368 4372, GRID grid.415515.1, Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, ; Doha, Qatar

[7 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9633, GRID grid.411959.1, School of Nutrition and Dietetics, , Acadia University, ; Wolfville, Nova Scotia Canada

[8 ]Sport Medicine Center, Oxygen Sport Group, Tehran, Iran

[9 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0019 1845, GRID grid.257992.2, Department of Kinesiology, , Jacksonville State University, ; Jacksonville, AL 36265 USA

[10 ]Sports Physiology Department, Islamic Azad University, Boroujerd Branch, Boroujerd, Iran

Article

Publisher ID: 313

DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0313-8

PMC ID: 6798418

PubMed ID: 31623659

SO-VID: 903e09ba-e0ef-46a0-a5d2-6459e901561e

License:

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

History

Date received : 18 January 2019

Date accepted : 25 September 2019

Custom metadata

ScienceOpen disciplines: Sports medicine

Keywords: karate,ergogenic aid,caffeine,sodium bicarbonate,blood lactate,time to exhaustion,karate-specific aerobic test,rate of perceived exertion

Data availability:

ScienceOpen disciplines: Sports medicine

Keywords: karate, ergogenic aid, caffeine, sodium bicarbonate, blood lactate, time to exhaustion, karate-specific aerobic test, rate of perceived exertion

Caffeine and sodium bicarbonate supplementation alone or together improve karate performance

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Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

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Most cited references 62

G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences

Caffeine and anaerobic performance: ergogenic value and mechanisms of action.

Central nervous system effects of caffeine and adenosine on fatigue.

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