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      Determinants of vitamin D supplementation among older adults and its effect on 25(OH)D levels according to bone mineral density status Translated title: Determinantes de la suplementación con vitamina D entre los adultos mayores y su efecto en los niveles de 25(OH)D según la densidad ósea

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      Nutrición Hospitalaria
      Grupo Arán
      Vitamin D, Older adults, Bone mineral density, Vitamina D, Adultos mayores, Densidad ósea

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          Abstract

          Abstract Background: although supplementation with vitamin D has been reported as a main determinant of 25-hydroxyvitamin D status [25(OH)D] levels, there are limited data in regard to the factors associated with vitamin D supplementation in older adults. Aims: to examine the characteristics of participants associated with vitamin D supplement use and its effect on 25(OH)D concentrations according to bone mineral density (BMD). Methods: the present analysis was based on data from participants aged 60 years and older in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Logistic regression models were created to examine the demographic, lifestyle, and health characteristics associated with vitamin D supplementation. Moreover, general linear models were assembled to assess the effect of vitamin D supplement doses on 25(OH)D concentrations according to BMD status. Results: of 5,204 participants, 45.3 % reported taking vitamin D supplements, at least 400 IU per day. Overall, women, non-Hispanic whites, college education, former smokers, physical activity, and > 2 comorbidities were variables significantly associated with increased odds of taking vitamin D supplements. Notably, among subjects with osteoporosis, those taking vitamin D supplements between 400 and 800 IU per day had on average 20.7 nmol/L higher 25(OH)D concentrations compared with their non-user counterparts. Conclusions: demographic and healthy lifestyle characteristics are the main determinants of vitamin D supplement use among older adults. Moreover, even among subjects with low bone mass, vitamin D supplements between 400 and 800 IU per day are adequate to reach sufficient 25(OH)D concentrations.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Antecedentes: si bien la suplementación con vitamina D es un determinante principal de los niveles séricos de 25-hidroxivitamina D [25(OH)D], pocos estudios han descrito los factores determinantes del uso de suplementos de vitamina D en los adultos mayores. Objetivos: examinar los factores determinantes del uso de suplementos de vitamina D y su efecto en los niveles de 25(OH)D según la densidad ósea. Métodos: el presente análisis se basó en datos de participantes de 60 años o más en la Encuesta Nacional de Examen de Salud y Nutrición de EUA. Se crearon modelos de regresión logística para examinar las características demográficas, de estilo de vida y de salud asociadas al uso de suplementos de vitamina D. Además, se usaron modelos lineales generales para evaluar, según la densidad ósea, el efecto de la suplementación de vitamina D en las concentraciones de 25(OH)D. Resultados: de 5204 sujetos, el 45,3 % informaron que tomaban suplementos de vitamina D, al menos 400 UI por día. En general, las mujeres, los blancos no hispanoamericanos, la educación universitaria, ser exfumador, la actividad física y > 2 comorbilidades fueron características asociadas al aumento de las probabilidades de tomar suplementos de vitamina D. En particular, entre los sujetos con osteoporosis, aquellos que tomaron suplementos de vitamina D en dosis de entre 400 y 800 UI por día tenían de promedio concentraciones 20,7 nmol/l más altas de 25(OH)D que sus homólogos no usuarios. Conclusiones: las características demográficas y un estilo de vida saludable son los principales factores asociados al uso de suplementos de vitamina D en los adultos mayores. Además, incluso entre los sujetos con densidad ósea baja, la suplementación con vitamina D entre 400 y 800 UI por día es adecuada para alcanzar los niveles óptimos de 25(OH)D.

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          Most cited references15

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          Prevalence of Vitamin D inadequacy among postmenopausal North American women receiving osteoporosis therapy.

          To evaluate serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations and factors related to vitamin D inadequacy in postmenopausal North American women receiving therapy to treat or prevent osteoporosis. Serum 25(OH)D and PTH were obtained in 1536 community-dwelling women between November 2003 and March 2004. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess risk factors for suboptimal (<30 ng/ml) 25(OH)D. Ninety-two percent of study subjects were Caucasian, with a mean age of 71 yr. Thirty-five percent resided at or above latitude 42 degrees north, and 24% resided less than 35 degrees north. Mean (sd) serum 25(OH)D was 30.4 (13.2) ng/ml: serum 25(OH)D was less than 20 ng/ml in 18%; less than 25 ng/ml in 36%; and less than 30 ng/ml in 52%. Prevalence of suboptimal 25(OH)D was significantly higher in subjects who took less than 400 vs. 400 IU/d or more vitamin D. There was a significant negative correlation between serum PTH concentrations and 25(OH)D. Risk factors related to vitamin D inadequacy included age, race, body mass index, medications known to affect vitamin D metabolism, vitamin D supplementation, exercise, education, and physician counseling regarding vitamin D. More than half of North American women receiving therapy to treat or prevent osteoporosis have vitamin D inadequacy, underscoring the need for improved physician and public education regarding optimization of vitamin D status in this population.
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            Vitamin D status in the United States, 2011–2014

            Vitamin D is important for bone health; in 2014 it was the fifth most commonly ordered laboratory test among Medicare Part B payments. The aim of this study was to describe vitamin D status in the US population in 2011–2014 and trends from 2003 to 2014. We used serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D data from NHANES 2011–2014 (n = 16,180), and estimated the prevalence at risk of deficiency (<30 nmol/L) or prevalence at risk of inadequacy (30–49 nmol/L) by age, sex, race and Hispanic origin, and dietary intake of vitamin D. We also present trends between 2003 and 2014. In 2011–2014, the percentage aged ≥1 y at risk of vitamin D deficiency or inadequacy was 5.0% (95% CI: 4.1%, 6.2%) and 18.3% (95% CI: 16.2%, 20.6%). The prevalence of at risk of deficiency was lowest among children aged 1–5 y (0.5%; 95% CI: 0.3%, 1.1%), peaked among adults aged 20–39 y (7.6%; 95% CI: 6.0%, 9.6%), and fell to 2.9% (95% CI: 2.0%, 4.0%) among adults aged ≥60 y; the prevalence of at risk of inadequacy was similar. The prevalence of at risk of deficiency was higher among non-Hispanic black (17.5%; 95% CI: 15.2%, 20.0%) than among non-Hispanic Asian (7.6%; 95% CI: 5.9%, 9.9%), non-Hispanic white (2.1%; 95% CI: 1.5%, 2.7%), and Hispanic (5.9%; 95% CI: 4.4%, 7.8%) persons; the prevalence of at risk of inadequacy was similar. Persons with higher vitamin D dietary intake or who used supplements had lower prevalences of at risk of deficiency or inadequacy. From 2003 to 2014 there was no change in the risk of vitamin D deficiency; the risk of inadequacy declined from 21.0% (95% CI: 17.9%, 24.5%) to 17.7% (95% CI: 16.0%, 19.7%). The prevalence of at risk of vitamin D deficiency in the United States remained stable from 2003 to 2014; at risk of inadequacy declined. Differences in vitamin D status by race and Hispanic origin warrant additional investigation.
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              25-Hydroxyvitamin D in Canadian adults: biological, environmental, and behavioral correlates.

              We assessed vitamin D status and its correlates in the population-based Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos). Results showed that serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels <75 nmol/L were common. Given Canada's high latitude, attention should be given to strategies for enhancing vitamin D status in the population. Inadequate vitamin D has been implicated as a risk factor for several clinical disorders. We assessed, in a Canadian cohort, vitamin D status and its correlates, based on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], the best functional indicator of vitamin D status. We studied 577 men and 1,335 women 35+ years from seven cities across Canada in the randomly selected, population-based Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos). Participants completed a comprehensive questionnaire. Serum 25(OH)D was measured by immunoassay. Multivariate linear regression modeling assessed the association between 25(OH)D and determinants of vitamin D status. Participants (2.3%) were deficient in 25(OH)D (<27.5 nmol/L); a further 18.1% exhibited 25(OH)D insufficiency (27.5-50 nmol/L). Levels <75 nmol/L were evident in 57.5% of men and 60.7% of women and rose to 73.5% in spring (men) and 77.5% in winter (women); 25(OH)D <50 nmol/L was ≤10% year round for those supplementing with ≥400 IU vitamin D/day but was 43.9% among those not supplementing in winter and spring. The strongest predictors of reduced 25(OH)D for both men and women were winter and spring season, BMI ≥30, non-white ethnicity, and lower vitamin D supplementation and its modification by fall and winter. In this national Canadian cohort, vitamin D levels <75 nmol/L were common, particularly among non-white and obese individuals, and in winter and spring. Vitamin D intake through diet and supplementation and maintenance of normal weight are key modifiable factors for enhancing vitamin D status and thus potentially influencing susceptibility to common chronic diseases.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                February 2020
                : 37
                : 1
                : 28-36
                Affiliations
                [2] Guayaquil orgnameHospital Docente de la Policía Nacional Guayaquil Nº 2 Ecuador
                [1] Laredo Texas orgnameLaredo Medical Center orgdiv1Department of Medicine USA
                Article
                S0212-16112020000100006 S0212-1611(20)03700100006
                10.20960/nh.02917
                9068dfa8-7c51-43dd-a5fb-6984c3154a8d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 31 October 2019
                : 24 October 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Original Papers

                Vitamin D,Vitamina D,Bone mineral density,Older adults,Densidad ósea,Adultos mayores

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