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      Educação para o Processo do Morrer e da Morte pelos Estudantes de Medicina e Médicos Residentes Translated title: Education on the Process of Dying and Death by Medical Students and Resident Doctors

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          Abstract

          RESUMO Introdução O processo do morrer e da morte é um tema gerador de reações distintas entre estudantes de medicina e médicos residentes, que são influenciados por suas experiências pessoais e profissionais prévias, bem como questões culturais, psicológicas, religiosas e outras. Objetivo Avaliar a educação de estudantes de medicina (EM) do Curso de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Paraná (CM-UFPR) e de médicos residentes (MR) do Hospital de Clínicas da UFPR (HC-UFPR) sobre a temática do morrer e da morte. Método Estudo observacional quantitativo. Foi elaborado um questionário autoaplicável composto por 28 perguntas de múltipla escolha para avaliar a educação sobre o processo do morrer e da morte, com elementos adaptados do Frommelt Attitude Toward Care of the Dying Scale Form B (FATCOD-B Scale). Resultados 805 EM responderam ao questionário de pesquisa (74,6% do total de alunos, matriculados no primeiro semestre de 2016) e 93 MR (73,8% do total de residentes de especialidades clínico-cirúrgicas, matriculados no ano de 2016). O relato de experiência de contato com pessoas em processo de morte aumentou, progressivamente, durante a maior parte dos períodos do CM, atingindo a quase totalidade de residentes de primeiro ano e a totalidade daqueles mais graduados, em todas as especialidades. Durante o curso de medicina, 40,1% dos estudantes e 51,1% dos médicos residentes receberam algum tipo de formação pedagógica para o processo do morrer e da morte. A influência da afiliação religiosa na educação para a morte foi admitida por 54% dos EM e 44,3% dos MR. 58% dos EM e MR referiram os sentimentos de frustração e impotência após as mortes de pacientes. O contato com pacientes em processo de morte gerou diversos sentimentos nos EM e MR, incluindo tristeza, angústia, esfriamento, aumento da sensibilidade, amadurecimento profissional, entre outros. Conclusão EM e MR relataram ter recebido escassa formação sobre a morte durante a faculdade, e suas percepções acerca do tema são influenciadas por múltiplos aspectos, como a religiosidade. O contato com a morte desperta reações igualmente diversificadas. Mais estudos são necessários para aprofundar a complexidade dessa temática no âmbito da formação médica.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction The process of death and dying is a theme that generates different reactions among medical students and resident doctors, being influenced by their personal and professional experiences as well as cultural, psychological, religious, and other characteristics. Objective To evaluate the education of medical students (MS) of the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR) and resident doctors (RD) at Hospital de Clínicas of the Federal University of Paraná (HC-UFPR) on the subject of dying and death. Method A quantitative observational study. A self-administered questionnaire was designed, with 28 multiple-choice questions, to evaluate education about the process of dying and death, with elements adapted from the Frommelt Attitude Toward Care of the Dying Scale Form B (FATCOD-B Scale). Results The questionnaire was completed by 805 MS (74.6% of the total number of students enrolled in the first semester of 2016) and 93 RD (73.8% of the total number of residents of clinical and surgical specialties enrolled in 2016). The report of experience of contact with dying people increased among the MS as they progressed through medical school, reaching near-totality among the first-year residents, and totality among those with the most specialized degrees in all specialties. 40.1% of the MS and 51.1% of the RD reported that they had received some kind of pedagogical orientation about death and dying during medical school. The influence of religious beliefs on education in this area was reported by 54% of the MS and 44.3% of the RD. 58% of the MS and RD reported feelings of frustration and impotence following patients’ deaths. Contact with patients in the dying process produced a range of feelings and perceptions among the MS and RD, including sadness, anguish, distancing, increased sensitivity, and professional maturation, among others. Conclusion MS and RD reported that they received little training about death during their medical training, and that their perceptions about the subject are influenced by multiple variables, such as religious belief. Contact with death also provokes equally diverse reactions. More studies are needed, to deepen the complexity of this issue in the field of medical training.

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          Most cited references42

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          Breaking bad news: why is it still so difficult?

          R. Buckman (1984)
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            Doctors' emotional reactions to recent death of a patient: cross sectional study of hospital doctors.

            To describe doctors' emotional reactions to the recent death of an "average" patient and to explore the effects of level of training on doctors' reactions. Cross sectional study using quantitative and qualitative data. Two academic teaching hospitals in the United States. 188 doctors (attending physicians (equivalent to UK consultants), residents (equivalent to UK senior house officers), and interns (equivalent to UK junior house officers)) who cared for 68 patients who died in the hospital. Doctors' experiences in providing care, their emotional reactions to the patient's death, and their use of coping and social resources to manage their emotions. Most doctors (139/188, 74%) reported satisfying experiences in caring for a dying patient. Doctors reported moderate levels of emotional impact (mean 4.7 (SD 2.4) on a 0-10 scale) from the death. Women and those doctors who had cared for the patient for a longer time experienced stronger emotional reactions. Level of training was not related to emotional reactions, but interns reported needing significantly more emotional support than attending physicians. Although most junior doctors discussed the patient's death with an attending physician, less than a quarter of interns and residents found senior teaching staff (attending physicians) to be the most helpful source of support. Doctors who spend a longer time caring for their patients get to know them better but this also makes them more vulnerable to feelings of loss when these patients die. Medical teams may benefit from debriefing within the department to give junior doctors an opportunity to share emotional responses and reflect on the patient's death.
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              Determinants of medical students' perceived preparation to perform end-of-life care, quality of end-of-life care education, and attitudes toward end-of-life care.

              Medical students' learning about end-of-life care can be categorized into three learning modalities: formal curriculum, taught in lectures; informal curriculum, conveyed through clinical experiences; and "hidden curriculum," inferred from behaviors and implicit in medical culture. In this study, we evaluated associations between survey items assessing these learning modalities and students' perceptions of their preparation, quality of education, and attitudes toward end-of-life care. Data were collected from a national survey of fourth-year medical students (n = 1455) at 62 medical schools in 2001. Linear regression analyses were performed to assess associations between formal, informal and hidden end-of-life care curricula and students' perceived preparedness to provide end-of-life care, quality of end-of-life care education and attitudes toward end-of-life, controlling for students' demographics and clustered by school. Students reporting more exposure to formal and informal curricula felt more prepared and rated their end-of-life care education higher. Students with more exposure to a hidden curriculum that devalued end-of-life care perceived their preparation as poorer and had poorer attitudes toward end-of-life care. Minority students had slightly more negative attitudes but no differences in perceived end-of-life care preparation. Medical students' sense of preparedness for end-of-life care and perceptions of educational quality are greater with more coursework and bedside teaching. By contrast, the hidden curriculum conveying negative messages may impair learning. Our findings suggest that implicit messages as well as intentional teaching have a significant impact on students' professional development. This has implications for designing interventions to train physicians to provide outstanding end-of-life care.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rbem
                Revista Brasileira de Educação Médica
                Rev. bras. educ. med.
                Associação Brasileira de Educação Médica (Brasília, DF, Brazil )
                0100-5502
                1981-5271
                June 2019
                : 43
                : 2
                : 5-14
                Affiliations
                [1] Curitiba Paraná orgnameUniversidade Federal do Paraná Brazil
                Article
                S0100-55022019000200005
                10.1590/1981-52712015v43n2rb20180058
                90954e68-94b6-4e96-a75c-838f5334cb8e

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 11 October 2018
                : 06 November 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 53, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Artigo Original

                Students,Doctors,Medical Education,Death,Estudantes,Médicos,Educação Médica,Morte

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