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      Recomendaciones de tratamiento al final de la vida del paciente crítico Translated title: Treatment recommendations at the end of the life of the critical patient

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          Abstract

          El ingreso de un paciente en la Unidad de Medicina Intensiva (UMI) está justificado cuando es posible revertir o paliar su situación crítica; a pesar de ello, en las UMI se produce una alta mortalidad con respecto a otros servicios hospitalarios. El tratamiento al final de la vida de los pacientes críticos y la atención a las necesidades de sus familiares están lejos de ser adecuados, por diversos motivos: la sociedad niega u oculta la muerte, es muy difícil predecirla con exactitud, con frecuencia el tratamiento está fragmentado entre diferentes especialistas y hay una insuficiente formación en medicina paliativa, incluyendo habilidades de comunicación. Se producen frecuentes conflictos relacionados con las decisiones que se toman en torno a los enfermos críticos que están en el final de su vida, especialmente con la limitación de tratamientos de soporte vital (LTSV). La mayoría son conflictos de valores entre las diversas partes implicadas: el paciente, sus familiares y/o representantes, los profesionales sanitarios y la institución. El Grupo de trabajo de Bioética de la SEMICYUC elabora estas Recomendaciones de tratamiento al final de la vida del paciente crítico con el propósito de contribuir a la mejora de nuestra práctica diaria en tan difícil campo. Tras el análisis del papel de los agentes implicados en la toma de decisiones (pacientes, familiares, profesionales e instituciones sanitarias) y de los fundamentos éticos y legales de la omisión y retirada de tratamientos, se aconsejan unas pautas de actuación en lo referente a la sedación en el final de la vida y la retirada de la ventilación mecánica, se matiza el papel de las instrucciones previas en medicina intensiva y se propone un formulario que refleje de forma escrita las decisiones adoptadas.

          Translated abstract

          Admission of a patient in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is justified when the critical situation can be reverted or relieved. In spite of this, there is high mortality in the ICU in regard to other hospital departments. End-of-life treatment of critical patients and attention to the needs of their relatives is far from being adequate for several reasons: society denies or hides the death, it is very difficult to predict it accurately, treatment is frequently fragmented between different specialists and there is insufficient palliative medicine training, including communication skills. There are frequent conflicts related to the decisions made regarding the critical patients who are in the end of their life, above all, with the limitation of life-sustaining treatments. Most are conflicts of values between the different parties involved: the patient, his relatives and/or representatives, health professionals, and the institution. The SEMICYUC Working Group of Bioethics elaborates these Recommendations of treatment at the end of the life of the critical patient in order to contribute to the improvement of our daily practice in such a difficult field. After analyzing the role of the agents involved in decision making (patient, familiar, professional, and health care institutions), of the ethical and legal foundations of withholding and withdrawal of treatments, guidelines regarding sedation in the end of the life and withdrawal of mechanical ventilation are recommended. The role of advance directives in intensive medicine is clarified and a written form that reflects the decisions made is proposed.

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          End-of-life practices in European intensive care units: the Ethicus Study.

          While the adoption of practice guidelines is standardizing many aspects of patient care, ethical dilemmas are occurring because of forgoing life-sustaining therapies in intensive care and are dealt with in diverse ways between different countries and cultures. To determine the frequency and types of actual end-of-life practices in European intensive care units (ICUs) and to analyze the similarities and differences. A prospective, observational study of European ICUs. Consecutive patients who died or had any limitation of therapy. Prospectively defined end-of-life practices in 37 ICUs in 17 European countries were studied from January 1, 1999, to June 30, 2000. Comparison and analysis of the frequencies and patterns of end-of-life care by geographic regions and different patients and professionals. Of 31 417 patients admitted to ICUs, 4248 patients (13.5%) died or had a limitation of life-sustaining therapy. Of these, 3086 patients (72.6%) had limitations of treatments (10% of admissions). Substantial intercountry variability was found in the limitations and the manner of dying: unsuccessful cardiopulmonary resuscitation in 20% (range, 5%-48%), brain death in 8% (range, 0%-15%), withholding therapy in 38% (range, 16%-70%), withdrawing therapy in 33% (range, 5%-69%), and active shortening of the dying process in 2% (range, 0%-19%). Shortening of the dying process was reported in 7 countries. Doses of opioids and benzodiazepines reported for shortening of the dying process were in the same range as those used for symptom relief in previous studies. Limitation of therapy vs continuation of life-sustaining therapy was associated with patient age, acute and chronic diagnoses, number of days in ICU, region, and religion (P<.001). The limiting of life-sustaining treatment in European ICUs is common and variable. Limitations were associated with patient age, diagnoses, ICU stay, and geographic and religious factors. Although shortening of the dying process is rare, clarity between withdrawing therapies and shortening of the dying process and between therapies intended to relieve pain and suffering and those intended to shorten the dying process may be lacking.
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            Use of intensive care at the end of life in the United States: an epidemiologic study.

            Despite concern over the appropriateness and quality of care provided in an intensive care unit (ICU) at the end of life, the number of Americans who receive ICU care at the end of life is unknown. We sought to describe the use of ICU care at the end of life in the United States using hospital discharge data from 1999 for six states and the National Death Index. Retrospective analysis of administrative data to calculate age-specific rates of hospitalization with and without ICU use at the end of life, to generate national estimates of end-of-life hospital and ICU use, and to characterize age-specific case mix of ICU decedents. All nonfederal hospitals in the states of Florida, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Virginia, and Washington. All inpatients in nonfederal hospitals in the six states in 1999. None. We found that there were 552,157 deaths in the six states in 1999, of which 38.3% occurred in hospital and 22.4% occurred after ICU admission. Using these data to project nationwide estimates, 540,000 people die after ICU admission each year. The age-specific rate of ICU use at the end of life was highest for infants (43%), ranged from 18% to 26% among older children and adults, and fell to 14% for those >85 yrs. Average length of stay and costs were 12.9 days and $24,541 for terminal ICU hospitalizations and 8.9 days and $8,548 for non-ICU terminal hospitalizations. One in five Americans die using ICU services. The doubling of persons over the age of 65 yrs by 2030 will require a system-wide expansion in ICU care for dying patients unless the healthcare system pursues rationing, more effective advanced care planning, and augmented capacity to care for dying patients in other settings.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                medinte
                Medicina Intensiva
                Med. Intensiva
                Elsevier España, S.L. (, , Spain )
                0210-5691
                April 2008
                : 32
                : 3
                : 121-133
                Affiliations
                [03] Castellón orgnameHospital General orgdiv1Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos España
                [01] Logroño orgnameComplejo Hospitalario San Millán-San Pedro orgdiv1Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos España
                [04] Barcelona orgnameHospital de Barcelona orgdiv1Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos España
                [05] Vitoria-Gasteiz orgnameHospital Txagorritxu orgdiv1Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos España
                [07] Pamplona orgnameHospital de Navarra orgdiv1Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos España
                [02] Vitoria-Gasteiz orgnameHospital Santiago Apóstol orgdiv1Unidad de Medicina Intensiva España
                [06] Barcelona orgnameHospital General de Cataluña orgdiv1Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos España
                Article
                S0210-56912008000300004
                10.1016/S0210-5691(08)70922-7
                90a00df2-f6cc-47bf-b092-2c17c5fe4026

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 88, Pages: 13
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                SciELO Spain


                paciente crítico,final de la vida,limitación de tratamiento de soporte vital,Unidad de Medicina Intensiva,cuidados paliativos,ética,instrucciones previas,patient,end-of-life,limitation of life sustaining treatment,Intensive Care Unit,palliative care,ethics,advance care planning

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