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      Correction: The Global Epidemiology and Contribution of Cannabis Use and Dependence to the Global Burden of Disease: Results from the GBD 2010 Study

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      The PLOS ONE Staff
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          Abstract

          There are errors in the prevalence estimates reported in Table 1. Please see the corrected Table 1 here. 10.1371/journal.pone.0165221.t001 Table 1 Estimated prevalence and number of cases of cannabis dependence in 2010, by sex and GBD region. Females Males Total N % 95%CI N % 95%CI N % 95%CI Asia, Central 73,000 0.16 (0.11–0.23) 125,000 0.28 (0.19–0.39) 198,000 0.22 (0.17–0.29) Asia, East 853,000 0.12 (0.05–0.25) 1,547,000 0.21 (0.09–0.4) 2,400,000 0.17 (0.09–0.28) Asia Pacific, High Income 141,000 0.2 (0.11–0.35) 248,000 0.34 (0.19–0.58) 389,000 0.28 (0.18–0.41) Asia, South 935,000 0.11 (0.09–0.14) 1,718,000 0.19 (0.15–0.24) 2,653,000 0.15 (0.13–0.18) Asia, Southeast 359,000 0.11 (0.08–0.16) 616,000 0.19 (0.13–0.26) 975,000 0.15 (0.11–0.19) Australasia 54,000 0.48 (0.4–0.58) 100,000 0.87 (0.72–1.04) 154,000 0.68 (0.6–0.79) Caribbean 26,000 0.12 (0.08–0.17) 44,000 0.2 (0.14–0.29) 69,000 0.16 (0.12–0.21) Europe, Central 89,000 0.16 (0.12–0.23) 161,000 0.29 (0.21–0.4) 250,000 0.23 (0.18–0.29) Europe, Eastern 163,000 0.16 (0.09–0.28) 273,000 0.27 (0.16–0.46) 436,000 0.22 (0.15–0.33) Europe, Western 410,000 0.25 (0.19–0.33) 733,000 0.43 (0.33–0.56) 1,143,000 0.34 (0.28–0.41) Latin America, Andean 23,000 0.08 (0.05–0.13) 39,000 0.14 (0.08–0.22) 62,000 0.11 (0.08–0.15) Latin America, Central 83,000 0.07 (0.04–0.11) 140,000 0.12 (0.07–0.18) 223,000 0.09 (0.07–0.13) Latin America, Southern 61,000 0.21 (0.12–0.35) 108,000 0.36 (0.2–0.61) 169,000 0.28 (0.19–0.43) Latin America, Tropical 108,000 0.1 (0.04–0.21) 186,000 0.17 (0.08–0.33) 294,000 0.14 (0.08–0.23) North Africa/Middle East 259,000 0.1 (0.08–0.14) 478,000 0.18 (0.14–0.24) 736,000 0.14 (0.12–0.18) North America, High Income 629,000 0.44 (0.36–0.52) 1,127,000 0.75 (0.63–0.9) 1,755,000 0.6 (0.53–0.68) Oceania 8,000 0.15 (0.08–0.27) 13,000 0.25 (0.15–0.45) 21,000 0.2 (0.13–0.31) Sub-Saharan Africa, Central 56,000 0.12 (0.07–0.19) 93,000 0.2 (0.11–0.34) 149,000 0.16 (0.11–0.23) Sub-Saharan Africa, East 217,000 0.12 (0.09–0.16) 373,000 0.21 (0.15–0.28) 590,000 0.16 (0.13–0.2) Sub-Saharan Africa, Southern 54,000 0.14 (0.08–0.23) 94,000 0.23 (0.13–0.38) 149,000 0.18 (0.12–0.28) Sub-Saharan Africa, West 103,000 0.06 (0.04–0.09) 173,000 0.1 (0.07–0.15) 276,000 0.08 (0.06–0.11) Global 4,704,000 0.14 (0.12–0.16) 8,389,000 0.23 (0.20–0.27) 13,091,000 0.19 (0.17–0.21) There are errors in Table 2. Rows 3 to 6 are misaligned. The publisher apologizes for the error. Please see the correct Table 2 here. 10.1371/journal.pone.0165221.t002 Table 2 Estimated DALYs for cannabis, by sex and GBD region, 2010. Females Males Persons N Ratesper 100,000 95%CI N RatesPer 100,000 95%CI N RatesPer 100,000 95%CI Asia Pacific, High Income 22000 24.4 (11.8–46.2) 39000 45.1 (21.5–82.5) 62000 34.5 (19.2–57.2) Asia Central 11000 27.7 (15.7–43.8) 20000 50.2 (29.2–81.0) 31000 38.7 (24.3–59.2) Asia East 135000 20.1 (7.9–45.2) 247000 34.1 (14.3–71.0) 382000 27.3 (13.4–50.5) Asia South 145000 18.6 (11.4–28.4) 270000 32.6 (19.7–48.7) 415000 25.8 (16.2–37.5) Asia South East 56000 18.3 (10.4–29.8) 97000 32.0 (18.2–51.2) 153000 25.1 (15.8–37.7) Australasia 8000 64.2 (41.5–93.7) 16000 122.5 (79.0–179.6) 24000 93.2 (61.7–134.2) Caribbean 4000 18.1 (10.2–29.4) 7000 31.4 (17.6–49.5) 11000 24.7 (14.8–36.8) Europe Central 14000 22.8 (13.6–35.8) 25000 43.9 (26.1–70.9) 39000 33.0 (20.5–50.1) Europe Eastern 25000 22.9 (11.0–42.2) 43000 45.0 (22.3–78.6) 68000 33.1 (18.5–55.7) Europe Western 64000 30.0 (18.4–44.6) 115000 56.5 (34.4–85.8) 179000 43.0 (27.0–62.3) Latin America, Andean 4000 13.4 (6.3–23.0) 6000 23.0 (11.9–41.0) 10000 18.2 (10.2–29.8) Latin America, Central 13000 11.2 (6.0–19.1) 22000 19.5 (10.5–32.7) 35000 15.3 (9.1–23.7) Latin America, Southern 10000 31.0 (15.0–59.4) 17000 57.7 (28.6–106.7) 26000 44.1 (24.9–75.9) Latin America, Tropical 17000 16.5 (6.5–34.5) 29000 29.4 (11.8–59.9) 46000 22.9 (11.4–41.0 North Africa/Middle East 40000 18.4 (11.4–28.6) 75000 33.0 (19.9–50.7) 115000 25.9 (16.2–37.7) North America, High Income 98000 57.1 (37.0–82.1) 178000 106.4 (66.6–156.6) 276000 81.5 (53.6–116.6) Oceania 1000 24.4 (11.1–47.0) 2000 41.4 (20.3–81.9) 3000 33.1 (17.4–57.6) Sub-Saharan Africa Central 9000 17.7 (8.3–32.7) 14000 30.1 (14.5–57.0) 23000 23.9 (12.8–39.7) Sub-Saharan Africa East 34000 18.8 (11.1–30.0) 58000 33.0 (19.9–51.7) 92000 25.9 (16.5–38.5) Sub-Saharan Africa South 8000 23.6 (11.4–43.5) 15000 42.3 (20.9–78.8) 23000 32.8 (18.0–56.4) Sub-Saharan Africa West 16000 9.6 (5.3–15.8) 27000 16.0 (9.2–27.0) 43000 12.8 (8.0–20.4) Global 734000 21.5 (14.1–31.4) 1323000 38.1 (24.4–55.4) 2057000 29.9 (19.5–43.1)

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          The Global Epidemiology and Contribution of Cannabis Use and Dependence to the Global Burden of Disease: Results from the GBD 2010 Study

          Aims Estimate the prevalence of cannabis dependence and its contribution to the global burden of disease. Methods Systematic reviews of epidemiological data on cannabis dependence (1990-2008) were conducted in line with PRISMA and meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines. Culling and data extraction followed protocols, with cross-checking and consistency checks. DisMod-MR, the latest version of generic disease modelling system, redesigned as a Bayesian meta-regression tool, imputed prevalence by age, year and sex for 187 countries and 21 regions. The disability weight associated with cannabis dependence was estimated through population surveys and multiplied by prevalence data to calculate the years of life lived with disability (YLDs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). YLDs and DALYs attributed to regular cannabis use as a risk factor for schizophrenia were also estimated. Results There were an estimated 13.1 million cannabis dependent people globally in 2010 (point prevalence0.19% (95% uncertainty: 0.17-0.21%)). Prevalence peaked between 20-24 yrs, was higher in males (0.23% (0.2-0.27%)) than females (0.14% (0.12-0.16%)) and in high income regions. Cannabis dependence accounted for 2 million DALYs globally (0.08%; 0.05-0.12%) in 2010; a 22% increase in crude DALYs since 1990 largely due to population growth. Countries with statistically higher age-standardised DALY rates included the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Western European countries such as the United Kingdom; those with lower DALY rates were from Sub-Saharan Africa-West and Latin America. Regular cannabis use as a risk factor for schizophrenia accounted for an estimated 7,000 DALYs globally. Conclusion Cannabis dependence is a disorder primarily experienced by young adults, especially in higher income countries. It has not been shown to increase mortality as opioid and other forms of illicit drug dependence do. Our estimates suggest that cannabis use as a risk factor for schizophrenia is not a major contributor to population-level disease burden.
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            Journal
            PLoS One
            PLoS ONE
            plos
            plosone
            PLoS ONE
            Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
            1932-6203
            19 October 2016
            2016
            : 11
            : 10
            : e0165221
            Article
            PONE-D-16-34493
            10.1371/journal.pone.0165221
            5070822
            27760226
            90a9cd2a-11fc-4b0e-b128-fbd67bcc373a
            © 2016 The PLOS ONE Staff

            This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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